Adeno-associated viral vectors have emerged in recent years as promising myocardial gene delivery vehicles. They can sustain gene expression at a therapeutic level and maintain it over extended periods of time, even for years, and, most important, without a safety risk.”
“In addition to regulating growth and development, the most important function

of microRNAs (miRNAs) in plants is the regulation of a variety of cellular processes underlying plant adaptation to environmental stresses. To gain a deep understanding of the mechanism of drought tolerance in rice, genome-wide profiling and analysis of LY2835219 miRNAs was carried out in drought-challenged rice across a wide range of developmental stages, from tillering to inflorescence formation, using a microarray platform. Among the 30 miRNAs identified as significantly down- or up-regulated under the drought stress, 11 down-regulated miRNAs (miR170, miR172, miR397, miR408, miR529, miR896, miR1030, miR1035, miR1050, miR1088, and miR1126) and eight up-regulated miRNAs (miR395, miR474, miR845, PCI-32765 purchase miR851,

miR854, miR901, miR903, and miR1125) were revealed for the first time to be induced by drought stress in plants, and nine (miR156, miR168, miR170, miR171, miR172, miR319, miR396, miR397, and miR408) showed opposite expression to that observed in drought-stressed Arabidopsis. The most conserved down-regulated miRNAs were ath-miR170, the miR171 family, and ath-miR396, and the most conserved up-regulated miRNAs were ptc-miR474 and ath-miR854a. The identification of differentially expressed novel plant miRNAs and their target genes, and the analysis of cis-elements provides molecular evidence for the possible involvement

of miRNAs in the process of drought response and/or tolerance selleck screening library in rice.”
“Effect of electron beam (EB) pretreatment on tire components has been investigated. The technique proved to be incredibly useful for reducing curing time of thick rubber products in the press and enhancing or retaining the properties required by a tire. This unique technique can be use to incorporate mixed crosslink in rubber products. Investigations were performed both on experimental compounds and industrial compounds. Experimental compound study was limited to development of theoretical data, effect of particular ingredients on EB radiation curing, and evaluating optimum dose required for obtaining optimum properties and reduction in cure time. The same sequence of study was followed on the compounds of tire components obtained from a reputed tire manufacturer. Components of tire such as inner liner and tread were irradiated with optimum doses selected in line with the study conducted on the experimental and industrial compounds. These components were then used to build the green tire. Properties of compound and tire as a whole were checked and are reported in detail in the article. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Microencapsulation was carried out by treating the suspensions with negatively charged LF-DS complexes with protamine and chitosane

solutions with different molecular masses. The composition, size, and the zeta-potential of interaction products were assessed HDAC inhibition which allowed us to select the conditions for the preparation of pH-sensitive polyelectrolyte microparticles loaded with LF which would be able to gradually release glycoprotein under conditions that model the passage through the gastrointestinal tract of humans. These data indicate that this approach is promising for the creation of pH-sensitive biopolyelectrolytes suitable for oral administration of LF to target cells.”
“Background: AZD1152 datasheet Young injection drug users (IDUs) are at very high Fisk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Using a time scale starting at first injection, we studied the period of HCV susceptibility after initiation into drug injection among street-involved IDUs.

Methods: A prospective Cohort study was carried out among street youth from 2001 to 2005. Semiannual interviews included completion of an interviewer-administered questionnaire and collection of blood samples for HCV antibody testing.

HCV-negative subjects Currently injecting drugs (last six months) were included in the analyses. Follow-up Started at first questionnaire where Current injection was reported and ended at seroconversion or at last questionnaire. Poisson regression was used to assess the predictive power of time elapsed since initiation on incidence rate. Kaplan-Meier technique was used to estimate

cumulative infection probabilities.

Results: Among the 858 cohort participants, 145 were injecting at baseline and 60 were injecting at a subsequent questionnaire (45 youth had started selleck kinase inhibitor injection and 15 had resumed injection). Mean age was 20 years and 62% were males. In the 395 person-years of follow-up, 61 subjects contracted HCV. The HCV incidence rate increased from 16.1/100 person-years during the first year following first injection to 22.4 in the third year, and then decreased to 7.2 in years 7-13 (p = 0.02). Median time to seroconversion after first injection was 3.3 years.

Conclusion: The first years after first injection is the period during which Vulnerability to HCV is greatest. Our results show the importance of intervening with new IDUs to optimize the chances to successfully prevent infection. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aim. To investigate the combination effects and mechanisms of valsartan (angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker) and LAF237 (DPP-IV inhibitor) on prevention against oxidative stress and inflammation injury in db/db mice aorta. Methods.

We reviewed Entinostat cost the combined results on HFS in three sorafenib studies in Japanese patients: (A) a phase II study of metastatic renal cell carcinoma; (B) a phase I study of solid tumor; and (C), phase I study of hepatocellular carcinoma. Severity of HFS was graded as 1-3 based on the modified grading scale of National Cancer Institute – Common Toxicity Criteria version

2.0 and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. A total of 189 patients were included for analyses. The incidence of all-grade HFS was 51% (55% in A, 39% in B and 44% in C), and the incidence of grade 3 HFS was 7% (9% in A, 0% in B and 7% in C). Incidence of HFS seemed dose-dependent. These events were observed within 3-9 weeks after initiation of sorafenib treatment. The majority of HFS was manageable with symptomatic treatment and HFS caused permanent discontinuation of sorafenib in only one patient (in study A). The incidence of sorafenib-associated HFS is high compared to other adverse events. However, the present analyses showed that HFS under sorafenib treatment is well manageable in Japanese patients.”
“Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum represent

the most frequent chest wall deformations. However, the pathogenesis is still poorly understood and research results remain inconsistent. To focus on the recent state of knowledge, we summarize and critically discuss the pathological concepts based on the history of these entities, beginning with the first description this website in the sixteenth century. Based on the early clinical descriptions, we review and discuss the different pathogenetic hypotheses. To open new perspectives for

the potential pathomechanisms, the embryonic and foetal development of the ribs and the sternum is highlighted following the understanding that the origin of these deformities is given by the disruption in the maturation of the parasternal region. In the second, different therapeutical techniques are highlighted and based on the pathogenetic hypotheses and the embryological knowledge potential new biomaterial-based perspectives with interesting insights for tissue engineering-based GDC-0941 cell line treatment options are presented.”
“Recent observations suggest an involvement of mast cells in Helicobacter pylori gastritis, but the mechanism of intraepithelial mast cell activation in H. pylori-infected patients remains to be clarified. Intraepithelial mast cells, identified by immunohistochemistry for CD117, were quantified in antral biopsies from 6 patients with H. pylori “”active”" chronic gastritis, 7 patients with H. pylori “”nonactive”" gastritis, and 9 controls. Antral biopsies from patients with H. pylori “”active”" gastritis showed higher intraepithelial mast cell counts than those from patients with H. pylori “”nonactive”" gastritis and from controls. Electron microscopy, selectively performed in 6 cases of H.

Notably, the correlation of NF kappa B activation to production of inflammatory factors under intermittent hypoxia implies an important role of this transcription factor

in inflammation-induced cardiovascular damage occurring during obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), which has a typical breathing pattern of intermittent hypoxia.”
“Background: The study of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomic heterogeneity has become a major issue in investigations aimed at understanding the relationship between HBV mutants and the wide spectrum of clinical and pathological conditions GSK923295 solubility dmso associated with HBV infection. Although most chronically infected HBV patients are inactive carriers, several virological aspects of this state remain unclear.

Methods: In order to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of mutations in the basal core promoter (BCP) and precore (pC) regions among inactive carriers, the nucleotide sequences from 41 inactive carriers were analyzed and compared with those from 29 individuals with chronic active hepatitis.

Results: Genotypes A (24.3%), D (37.1%), F1b

(12.9%), and F4 (18.6%) were the most prevalent. Mutations in the BCP/pC regions were observed in most of the inactive carriers (92.7%) and in GS-9973 mw most of the patients with chronic active hepatitis (93.1%). The prevalence of mutation 1764(A) was significantly higher in patients with chronic active hepatitis (65.5%) than in inactive carriers (36.6%) (p = 0.038), whereas the prevalences of mutations at the other positions analyzed were not significantly different. Older patients (>50 years) showed BCP/pC patterns

with a higher number of substitutions. Mutations were found to be biased by genotype: the 1896(A) mutation was highly prevalent in genotypes D and F4, while alternative substitutions in the pC region were more prevalent in genotypes A and F1b.

Conclusions: Mutations in the BCP/pC regions are the hallmark of chronic anti-HBe-positive individuals; buy FK228 nevertheless, the even distribution of mutations in active and inactive carriers suggests that BCP/pC mutations may occur during HBV infection not strictly related to the HBV infection activity. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.”
“The aim of this study was to formulate and characterize Eudragit (R) L100 and Eudragit (R) L100-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles containing diclofenac sodium. Diclofenac generates severe adverse effects with risks of toxicity. Thus, nanoparticles were prepared to reduce these drawbacks in the present study. These nanoparticles were evaluated for surface morphology, particle size and size distribution, percentage drug entrapment, and in vitro drug release in pH 6.8. The prepared nanoparticles were almost spherical in shape, as determined by atomic force microscopy. The nanoparticles with varied size (241-274 nm) and 25.

It was also shown that GOGAT is the main pathway for N assimilation under C-limitation, while GDH is the Main pathway under N-limitation in glnG mutant. In zwf mutant, glnA, glnG, and gltD gene expressions were significantly clown-regulated, while malic enzyme was significantly activated for NADPH production under both C-limitation and N-limitation.

(C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“We report on the experimental BMS-777607 mw results of magnetization reversal in ultrathin perpendicularly magnetized cobalt films in Au/Co/Au(111) trilayers. We have first studied the static magnetic properties of the samples. Interestingly, the results show the possibility of controlling the coercivity and magnetic anisotropy by changing the Co deposition rate. Second, the magnetization reversal dynamics have been investigated by relaxation measurements and Kerr microscopy. Two magnetization reversal processes are distinguished according to the deposition rate; the dominant magnetization reversal process changes from domain wall motion for cobalt deposited at a rate of 0.2 nm/min to domain nucleation for cobalt deposited at a rate of 0.4 nm/min. The pinning domain wall plays an important role in the observed reversal processes. Analysis

shows that in both cases the reversal dynamics is not suitably described by the Fatuzzo-Labrune model. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3506533]“
“A simple, rapid and sensitive method buy NCT-501 for the determination of tramadol

hydrochloride in urine. milk and pharmaceutical preparations using two modified carbon paste electrodes was developed. One electrode (sensor A) is based on ion-association of tramadol hydrochloride with phosphotungstic acid (TD-PT) and the other (sensor B) with a mixture of phosphotungstic acid (TD-PT) and silicomolybdic acid (TD-SM). Among seven different solvent mediators tested, 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) exhibited a proper behavior including Nernstian slopes of the calibration curve at 57.8 +/- 0.4 and 56.5 +/- 0.8 mV per decade for sensors A and B. The response times were 8 and 5s; detection limits 6.2 x 10(-6) and 1.8 x 10(-6) M: the concentration range 9.2 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-1) M and 5.5 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-1) M respectively. The present electrodes BI 6727 ic50 show good discrimination of tramadol hydrochloride from several inorganic, organic ions, sugars and some common drug excipients. The sensors were applied for the determination of tramadol hydrochloride in urine, milk and pharmaceutical preparations using potentiometric determination, standard addition and the calibration curve methods. The results obtained were satisfactory with excellent percentage recovery comparable and sometimes better than those obtained by other routine methods for the assay. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V, All rights reserved.

The thermal behaviors of the composites obtained were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The maximum decomposition temperatures (T(max)) buy SN-38 of PS/OZrP nanocomposites prepared by solvothermal method increased gradually from 431 to 458 degrees C with the increase of the OZrP loading from 0 to 20 wt %, and

the amounts of the charred residue at 600 degrees C (char wt %) had a remarkable increase from 1.6 to 17.1 wt %, respectively. Moreover, the TG results of the nanocomposites prepared by solvothermal method have more obvious enhancement in the thermal stabilities and especially in the amount of charred residue at 600 degrees C (char wt %), which has a double increase from 4.2 to 8.5 wt % at the content of 10 wt % OZrP than by solution refluxing. All results suggested that the solvothermal method is an effective way for the preparation of PS/OZrP nanocomposites with the intercalated nanostructure, which led to the obviously improved thermal stability. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 593-598, 2011″
“The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of low-level laser

therapy (LLLT) on pain and functional capacity in patients with acute and chronic low back pain caused by lumbar disk herniation (LDH). LLLT has been used to treat acute and chronic pain of musculoskeletal system Alvespimycin price disorders. This study is a randomized, find more double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Forty patients with acute (26 females/14 males) and 40 patients with chronic (20 females/20 males) low back pain caused by LDH were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated into four groups. Group 1 (acute LDH, n = 20) received hot-pack + laser therapy; group 2 (chronic LDH, n = 20) received hot-pack + laser therapy; group 3 (acute LDH, n = 20) received hot-pack + placebo laser therapy, and group 4 (chronic LDH, n = 20) received hot-pack + placebo laser therapy, for 15 sessions during 3 weeks. Assessment parameters included pain, patients’ global assessment, physician’s global assessment, and functional capacity. Pain was evaluated by visual analog

scale (VAS) and Likert scale. Patients’ and physician’s global assessment were also measured with VAS. Modified Schober test and flexion and lateral flexion measures were used in the evaluation of range of motion (ROM) of lumbar spine. Roland Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) and Modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (MODQ) were used in the functional evaluation. Measurements were done before and after 3 weeks of treatment. After the treatment, there were statistically significant improvements in pain severity, patients’ and physician’s global assessment, ROM, RDQ scores, and MODQ scores in all groups (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were detected between four treatment groups with respect to all outcome parameters (p > 0.05).

“
“Mucoceles are the most common lesions Navitoclax purchase of the minor salivary glands and typically appear as a fluctuant, bluish, nontender, submucosal swelling with a normal overlying mucosa. Mucoceles of the glands of Blandin-Nuhn (in the anterior portion of the ventral surface of the tongue) have been considered to be uncommon. This article reports an unusual case of a large extravasation mucocele involving the ventral surface of the tongue, which appeared after a lingual frenectomy.”
“OBJECTIVES: Orofacial granulomatosis has mostly been described in reports of very small numbers of cases. Few large case groups have been described. The aim of this study was to describe the demographics, symptoms,

clinical features and laboratory findings in a large cohort of cases.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Clinical and laboratory data for 119 cases of orofacial granulomatosis who attended oral medicine clinics in Dublin, Ireland, were examined for demographic characteristics at the time SHP099 nmr of first presentation.

The male/female ratio was approximately 1: 1, with a median age (and range) of 28 (5-84) years.

RESULTS: Symptoms had been present for a median duration of 12 weeks. A food association was suspected by 30% of patients. The predominant complaint was lip swelling (77%) with only 15% reporting facial swelling, while 8% complained of both. Almost all patients had clinical evidence of lip or facial swelling (95%). Other common extra-oral manifestations were lip

fissuring (30%), angular cheilitis (28%) and perioral erythema (28%). Common intra-oral manifestations were cobblestoning of the buccal mucosa (63%), ulcers (36%), granulomatous gingivitis (33%), mucosal tags (29%) and fissured tongue (17%). Over half of the selleck screening library biopsies (56%) performed were reported as typical of orofacial granulomatosis.

CONCLUSION: This is one of the largest cohorts of orofacial granulomatosis patients to have been described in detail. Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 696-704″
“A recombinant hepatitis E vaccine, Hecolin (R), has been proven safe and effective in healthy adults. As hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive individuals have a higher risk of poor prognosis after super-infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV), the safety and immunogenicity of Hecolin (R) in this population should be assessed. The present study is an extending analysis of data from a large randomized controlled clinical trial of Hecolin (R). Healthy participants (n = 14 065) without current or previous evidence of chronic liver disease were randomized to receive Hecolin (R) or placebo (hepatitis B vaccine) and donated their blood samples before vaccination and subsequently over 31 mo. Most of the adverse events were mild and comparable between participants with and without baseline hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported.

93 at 14 K and similar to 0.77 at 290 K. Moreover, the insertions PXD101 order of 1 nm thick Co2Fe(Al0.5Si0.5) layers at Co50Fe50/Ag interfaces effectively improved the output of CPP-GMR. Thus, Ag is considered to be a suitable spacer material for the Co2Fe(Al0.5Si0.5) Heusler alloy with a

good band matching. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3554206]“
“Recurrence is a key characteristic in the development of epilepsy. It remains unclear whether seizure recurrence is sensitive to postseizure stress. Here, tonic-clonic seizures were induced with a convulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), and acute seizure recurrence was evoked with a subconvulsive dose of the drug. We found that stress inhibited seizure recurrence when applied 30 minutes or 2 hours, but not 4 hours, after the tonic-clonic seizure. The time-dependent anti-recurrence effect of stress was mimicked by the stress hormone corticosterone and blocked by co-administration of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Furthermore, in a PTZ-induced epileptic kindling model, corticosterone administered 30 minutes after each seizure decreased the extent of seizures both during the kindling establishment and in the following challenge test. These results provide novel insights into both the mechanisms of and therapeutic strategies for epilepsy. (C) 2010 Elsevier

Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background and aims: Women with gestational this website diabetes mellitus (GDM) have an enhanced cardiovascular risk factor profile at 3-months postpartum and an elevated risk of future cardiovascular disease, as compared to their peers. Recently, it has emerged that even mild

dysglycemia on antepartum oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) predicts an increased risk of Buparlisib future cardiovascular disease, although it is not known whether there exists an identifiable high-risk subgroup within this patient population. Since gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT) due to isolated hyperglycemia at 1-h during the OGTT (1-h GIGT) bears metabolic similarity to GDM, we hypothesized that, like GDM, 1-h GIGT may predict a high-risk postpartum cardiovascular phenotype.

Methods and results: In this prospective cohort study, 485 women underwent antepartum OGTT, followed by cardiovascular risk factor assessment at 3-months postpartum. The antepartum OGTT identified 4 gestational glucose tolerance groups: GDM (n = 137); 1-h GIGT (n = 39); GIGT at 2- or 3-h (2/3-h GIGT)(n = 50); and normal glucose tolerance (NGT)(n = 259). After adjustment for age, ethnicity, breastfeeding and waist circumference, mean levels of the following cardiovascular risk factors progressively increased from NGT to 2/3-h GIGT to 1-h GIGT to GDM: LDL cholesterol (p = 0.0026); total cholesterol: HDL (p = 0.0030); apolipoprotein B (p = 0.004); apolipoprotein B: apolipoprotein A1 (p = 0.026); leptin (p = 0.018); and C-reactive protein (p = 0.011).

(C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 111: 2881-2885, 2009″
“A kind of univariate calibration, net analyte signal combined with standard addition (NAS-SAM) is presented for determination of Guaifenesin, Pseudoephedrine and Chlorpheniramine in the presence of each other by spectrophotometry. The method has both the advantages of the standard addition method and net analyte signal which enables the extraction selleck screening library of information concerning a certain analyte from spectra of multi-component mixtures. The use of full spectrum to calculate the net analyte signal vector and also no requirement of calibration

and prediction steps are the most important advantages of NAS-SAM. The simultaneous determination of Guaifenesin, Pseudoephedrine and Chlorpheniramine was performed in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 9). Three pharmaceutical compounds were determined in concentration range of 0.5-100 mu mol L-1.

In this work, the method of NAS-SAM has been used for the determination of guaifenesin, pseudoephedrine and chlorpheniramine in some ternary mixtures and cough syrups with satisfactory results.”
“The screening effects MLN4924 concentration on the field enhancement factors of (3,3) and (5,0) finite length single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with respect to different kinds of tube terminations, either capped or H-terminated, are examined using first-principles

calculations. Results show that for capped SWCNTs, the field enhancement factors of the (3,3) tube are slightly greater than those of (5,0) ones, while for H-terminated tubes exhibit Nutlin-3 cost the opposite

effect. The effects of different endings on the SWCNT work functions are also investigated. Calculations show that for the capped SWCNTs, the work functions of (3,3) tubes are larger than those of (5,0) tubes, whereas for the H-terminated cases, the work functions of (3,3) tubes are smaller than those of the (5,0) tubes. Moreover, a saturated behavior of enhancement factors beta versus the length of tubes is observed. Finally, the field enhancement factors of fixed length tubes can be enhanced to eventually achieve a convergent tendency as their tube-tube distance increases.”
“Mineral oil diffusion in styrene-butadiene polymer films was investigated with a simple gravimetric sorption method. Over the selected range of temperatures and film thicknesses for which sorption tests were performed, the diffusion process is described in terms of Fick’s third law. Polymer dissolution was found to compete with the diffusion process especially at high temperature. Possible interference due to dissolution on data generated using a gravimetric method, resulted in an estimation of apparent activation energy using diffusion coefficient set calculated with Crank’s half-time relationship.

Most of them had normal wound healing. The direct radiographic interpretation and digital subtraction radiography found significant alveolar bone formation in the first-and the third-month follow-ups (P < .05). Lamina dura appeared in the third month and kept increasing until the sixth month.

Conclusions: Postoperative radiographs revealed the distinctive bone formation up to the third month. The clinical and radiographic assessment found that the third molar transplants could bear a normal

chewing load within 3 months. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;111:e1-e7)”
“Structure, magnetic and electrical transport properties of the reactive sputtered iron nitride films fabricated at different substrate temperatures selleckchem (T(s)) and nitrogen flow rates (F(N2)) were investigated systematically. The single-phase polycrystalline gamma’-Fe(4)N film was obtained at FN(2) = 20 sccm and T(s) = 450 degrees C. The films are

soft ferromagnetic at room temperature. The electrical Bafilomycin A1 supplier resistivity (rho) of the films fabricated at different F(N2) and T(s) decreases with the decreasing temperature, showing a metallic behavior. Meanwhile, a variety of magnetoresistance (MR) behaviors were observed depending on the applied magnetic field and measuring temperature. It can be deduced that the complex MR behaviors are dominated by Lorentz force, spin-orbit interaction, and weak localization effect. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3636364]“
“The objective of this study is to develop an advanced stab and/or ballistic proof material composed of shear thickening fluid (STF) and Kevlar composite fabric. In this study, we prepared STF using VX-680 sphere silica and fumed silica as silica particles and ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (PEG 200) as medium fluid, respectively. And the rheological properties of the STF were investigated

under different conditions. Also, we impregnated Kevlar fabrics with the STF, and investigated the stab and ballistic resistances of the targets layered by the STF impregnated Kevlar fabrics. From the results, we observed that the STF significantly showed the reversible liquidsolid transition at a certain shear rate, and the STF treatment significantly improved the stab and ballistic resistance of Kevlar fabric. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Background: Liver transplantation involves a period of ischemia and reperfusion to the graft which leads to primary non-function and dysfunction of the liver in 5-10% of cases. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been shown to reduce ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) injury to the liver and increase hepatic blood flow. We hypothesized that RIPC may directly modulate hepatic microcirculation and have investigated this using intravital microscopy.

Methods: A rat model of liver IRI was used with 45 min of partial hepatic ischemia (70%) followed by 3 h of reperfusion.