, 2000). In this study, deletion of the orthologous gene Mga1 in fermentation fungus M. ruber M7 enhanced both citrinin and pigment production. Although the role of Mga1 in regulating mycotoxin in M. ruber M7 is consistent

with that in Aspergillus spp., the regulation role in pigment production is different from cpg-1 in C. parasitica, as disruption of cpg-1 leads to significant reductions in pigmentation (Gao & Nuss, 1996; Hicks et al., 1997; Tag et al., 2000). The production of secondary metabolites of the food fermentation fungi Monascus spp. was found to be influenced by different chemical and physical signals, such as nutrients, osmolarity, pH and light (Miyake et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2006; Babitha et al., 2007). It is widely accepted that heterotrimeric G-protein signalling pathways play a pivotal role in perceiving and transmitting selleckchem many of the external signals to elicit specific responses in cells, including regulating the production of metabolites (Calvo et al., 2002; Yu, 2006). The deletion of Mga1 in M. ruber M7 resulted in an selleck compound increase in the production of citrinin and pigments,

providing genetic evidence that the signalling pathway mediated by the Gα-subunit encoded by Mga1 is involved in the regulation of production of secondary metabolites in Monascus spp. Monascus metabolites, for example red pigments and monacolins, are widely used as natural food colorants or antihypercholesterolemic agents, but citrinin is nephrotoxic in mammalian systems. To prevent the negative effects of citrinin, scientific work has been carried out to identify low- or non-citrinin-producing Monascus strains (Chen & Hu, 2005; Wang et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2008a; Pattanagul P-type ATPase et al., 2008). Some results have shown that citrinin was detectable in strains of M. ruber (Wang et al., 2005; Pattanagul et al., 2008), whereas other results revealed that M. ruber was not a citrinin producer, as functional citrinin biosynthesis genes, such as polyketide synthase gene pksCT, were absent in M. ruber (Chen et al., 2008a). However, the strain used in our study, M. ruber M7, produced citrinin both in YES (this study)

and in steamed rice media (Chen & Hu, 2005). The most extensively studied G-protein signalling model in filamentous fungi is A. nidulans. Intensive analysis of the A. nidulans genome has been carried out, and more than 40 genes/putative genes were predicted to encode components that function in G-protein signalling pathways (Lafon et al., 2006; Yu, 2006). A proposed model of the roles of these signalling proteins in controlling A. nidulans growth, development and secondary metabolism has been described (Yu, 2006). As signal perception and signal processing via the G-protein signalling pathway are complex processes, identification of one component of this pathway is not enough to shed light on a possible regulation mechanism.

However, in all three studies there was a lower incidence of neuropsychiatric adverse events with RPV than with EFV. RPV may be useful for individuals with viral loads below 100 000 copies/mL, where concerns about neuropsychiatric side effects are paramount, but it is important that patients given this drug can both comply with the dietary requirements and avoid acid-reducing agents. It is important to note that there are very few data regarding the administration of RPV

with an ABC/3TC NRTI backbone. Since the 2012 guidelines were published, the fixed dose combination of TDF/FTC/ELV/COBI (Stribild) has received licensing approval. The two pivotal studies have compared this regimen to fixed-dose TDF/FTC/EFV find more (GS-102) and TDF/FTC with ATV/r (GS-103) [18,19] (see Appendix 4). Virological failure rates have not been reported

for these studies but discontinuations for ‘lack of efficacy’ were similar in both arms of each study. Since these studies demonstrate non-inferiority of Stribild to both EFV and ATV/r, both of which are currently preferred third agents, it the view of the Writing Committee that Stribild should also be a preferred option for first-line therapy. In addition Stribild may confer some advantages in terms of its toxicity profile, although there are multiple potential HKI-272 molecular weight drug–drug interactions. In summary, it is the view of the Writing Group that EFV, given its performance across multiple well-controlled randomized trials and the wealth of clinical experience, should remain a preferred third agent. In addition, because of similar critical treatment outcomes, it is the view of the Writing Group that ATV/r, DRV/r, RAL and ELV/COBI are also recommended as preferred

third agents. RPV is also recommended as a preferred third agent but only in patients with baseline VL <100 000 copies/mL. As in the 2008 BHIVA treatment guidelines [16], NVP remains an alternative third agent, based on the associated CD4 cell count restrictions that limit Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) its use plus the higher risk of moderate-to-severe rash/hepatitis and discontinuation for adverse events compared with other agents [38, 39]. LPV/r is listed as an alternative third agent based on comparison of virological outcomes with EFV [17, 18] and DRV/r [35, 36], which have been previously discussed. FPV/r is also listed as an alternative third agent as it has been shown to be non-inferior to LPV/r in terms of virological efficacy [40]. When selecting a third agent from either the preferred or alternative options, factors such as potential side effects, dosing requirements, dosing convenience, patient preference, co-morbidities, drug interactions and cost should be considered. Neuropsychiatric side effects have commonly been reported in patients treated with EFV and patients with a history of psychiatric disorders appear to be at a greater risk of serious psychiatric adverse events [41].

Below, we expand on this concept of a multiphasic effect of ICMS-SEF that includes both an initial excitatory response followed by a subsequent post-excitatory suppression (see Fig. 7). One of the more interesting aspects of our results is that the initial excitatory response to ICMS-SEF can carry a direct motor correlate at the neck. To our knowledge, no other study employing ICMS of the oculomotor system during intermixed pro- and anti-saccades has produced the

profile of results that we observed from the SEF. For example, the bilateral increases Sotrastaurin solubility dmso in anti-saccade RTs and error rates from the SEF differ from the largely unilateral increases in RT and error rate observed with stimulation of the dorso-lateral prefrontal

cortex (DLPFC) (Wegener et al., 2008), and from the bilateral decreases in the RTs of anti-saccades with negligible changes in error rates observed with stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (Phillips et al., 2011). What we observed using ICMS-SEF also differs from that produced by stimulation of the caudate nucleus, which produces a greater increase in the RT of contralateral pro-saccades compared with contralateral anti-saccades (Watanabe & Munoz, 2010). Other work by this group also demonstrated the importance of the exact time of stimulation, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SP600125.html with caudate stimulation delivered slightly earlier sometimes shortening RTs (Watanabe & Munoz, 2011), as well as the importance of the behavioral context at the time of stimulation, with caudate stimulation producing Progesterone opposite effects depending on whether it was delivered during a behavioral task or not (Watanabe & Munoz, 2013). While

the studies in the ACC, DLPFC and caudate nucleus used interleaved pro- and anti-saccades as we did, they employed much longer stimulation train durations. Although future studies would ideally use similar stimulation parameters, we can tentatively conclude that the SEF is playing a different role in anti-saccade behavior compared with the ACC, DLPFC or caudate nucleus. What remains to be determined is whether ICMS in these other areas can evoke the multiplicity of effects that we observed in the SEF; such observations would advance the mechanistic interpretation of how ICMS is interacting both with endogenous activity at the time of stimulation and throughout the oculomotor network. Our use of short-duration ICMS-SEF parallels the use of TMS over the human SEF; both forms of stimulation are short enough to enable delivery at different intervals to construct a timeline of the influence of stimulation on task performance. Single pulses of TMS of the FEFs or DLPFC in humans are also reported to selectively increase the RT and/or error rate of ipsilateral anti-saccades when passed within a critical time window (Muri et al., 1991; Olk et al., 2006; Nyffeler et al.

Repeat testing for anti-HBc, HBsAg, anti-HBe, and anti-HBs may help rule out a false-positive result, and vaccination might be in order.[8, 9] The presence of IgM anti-HBc or anti-HBe would I-BET-762 cost indicate recent HBV infection or prior exposure to HBV, respectively, and further follow-up to assess serum alanine aminotransferase activity and changes of serological markers may be necessary. Finally, in individuals with persistent isolated anti-HBc, serum HBV DNA to exclude chronic HBV infection and screening for HCV and HIV may also merit consideration.[8, 9] ”
“The aim of the study was to assess whether pill burden is associated with self-reported adherence to current

combination antiretroviral regimens and health status in a large sample of unselected and chronically treated HIV-infected patients. An adherence and health status questionnaire was offered to all patients collecting their drugs between March and May 2010 at our clinic; both parameters were primarily evaluated using a visual analogue scale. Linear correlations were evaluated using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test and the χ2 test were used to compare quantitative and qualitative check details variables. The generalized linear model was used in multivariable analyses.

Among 2763 subjects on treatment during the study period, 2114 (78.8% male; mean age 46.9 ± 8.84 years) were tested for adherence; 1803 (85.3%) had viral loads < 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL. After adjusting for age, gender, HIV risk factor, current CD4 count, pill burden and dosing interval, adherence was higher in patients with undetectable

HIV RNA (P < 0.0001) and directly associated with current CD4 count (P = 0.029). After adjusting for the same variables, health status was better in patients with undetectable viraemia (P = 0.004) and in men who have sex with men (MSM) and heterosexuals compared with injecting drug users and those with other risk factors (P < 0.0001 for MSM and P = 0.008 for heterosexuals); it was also directly associated with current CD4 count (P < 0.0001) and inversely associated with age (P < 0.0001) and pill burden (P = 0.019). In this highly adherent population, the number of daily pills was related to self-reported Exoribonuclease health status but not to self-reported adherence, whereas the dosing interval did not influence self-reported adherence or health status. ”
“Linkage to care after HIV diagnosis remains underinvestigated in Europe, yet delays in linkage to care are an important obstacle to controlling the HIV epidemic. The Test and Keep in Care (TAK) project aims to determine the prevalence of HIV-positive persons who are lost or late to care and factors associated with this. Data from community-based voluntary counselling and testing that occurred in 2010–2011 were linked with data from HIV clinics using unique test numbers. Persons not registered in HIV clinics were considered lost to care (LTC).

Unfortunately the authors did not report performance measures on the tasks, so the modulations of oscillatory

activity cannot be interpreted accordingly. Nonetheless, there is striking similarity between the physiological effects they report and those of the current study. The modulation of alpha-band activity over parieto-occipital scalp as a function of task switches vs. repeats has also been addressed in studies in which both tasks were performed on visual stimuli (i.e. within-modality). In one such study, for example, participants were free to choose which of a pair of tasks to perform on a set of geometric shapes (either a location or a color task; Poljac & Yeung, 2014). Performance measures made it clear that the location task Selumetinib price proved easier in that participants were both faster and more accurate on this task. What these authors found was that alpha desynchronisations were equivalent preceding switches to both tasks, whereas there was a distinct increase in synchronisation preceding repeats of the easier location task, an effect not seen for repeats of the more challenging color task. Similar to the differences seen here for switch vs. repeat visual trials, these data suggest

that equally vigorous desynchronisations were employed to switch to each visual task, regardless of difficulty, but that once a switch had been made and the participants were ‘locked onto’ the task at hand, resources could be withdrawn from the PKC activation easier location task. More vigorous alpha desynchronisations over

parieto-occipital scalp preceding switch vs. repeat trials in purely within-modality visual task-switching designs have now been reported by a number of groups (Sauseng et al., 2006). This issue of differential oscillatory suppression as a function of task difficulty was also recently addressed in a study in non-human primates (Buschman et al., 2012). Recording from prefrontal cortex, Etomidate monkeys were required to switch between performing a color discrimination task and a line orientation discrimination task. Saccadic RTs were significantly slowed by a switch away from the orientation task to the color task, but not vice versa. This pattern led Buschman and colleagues to consider the orientation task as ‘dominant’ over the color task. Performing the ‘non-dominant’ color task was accompanied by an increase in alpha coherence in neuronal populations showing selectivity for the orientation task, whereas performance of the dominant orientation task did not result in increased alpha coherence in neurons selective for the color task.

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS® version 18.0.1 (IBM Software Group, Somers, NY). According to the computer records of the four PCCs, 775 persons aged 18–65 years attended these centres with the selected ICs during the study period, and constituted the IC group, while 66 043 persons attended

with NICs, of whom 6604 persons (10%) were randomly selected for the NIC group. In the IC group, the test was offered to 89 persons; 85 accepted and 85 completed the test. In the NIC group, the test was offered to 344 persons; 313 accepted and 304 completed the test. Thus, the offer rates for the IC and NIC strategies were 11.5 and 5.2%, the acceptance ratios were 94 and 90%, and the completion rates were 100 and 97%, respectively. The baseline characteristics of those Caspase inhibitor tested in the two groups are shown in Table 1. The two tested groups of patients were similar in age, sexual behaviour, number of sexual partners per year, use of condoms, sexual activity, use of recreational drugs, hepatitis B or C virus infection and previous Ixazomib HIV screening. However, in the IC tested group (n = 85), there were significantly more male patients and more Caucasian patients than in the NIC tested group, and half of the tested IC patients were enrolled at C4. Forty-seven

per cent of the tested IC patients said that they had a scientific interest in participating in the study and, interestingly, a higher proportion of tested IC patients than tested NIC patients had consulted the health system one to three times in the past year, and the tested IC patients had had more previous STIs than the tested NIC patients. In the IC tested group, there were 36 (42%) cases of SE, 21 (25%) of HZ, 19 (22%) of MNS and 13 (15%) of L/T. In the NIC tested group, the main reason for attending the PCC was an acute condition (255 persons; 84%), in most cases a general (104 persons; 34%) or unspecified (74 persons; 24%) acute condition. In the IC group, of the 85 persons tested, four were HIV positive, giving a prevalence of 4.7% (95% CI 1.3–11.6%). In the NIC tested group (n = 304), only one person was HIV

positive, giving a prevalence of 0.3% (95% CI 0.01–1.82%) (P = 0.009). In the IC group, all four patients diagnosed with HIV infection were male, their median age was 34 years [interquartile range (IQR) 32–37 years], they were all diagnosed at C4 and they had all had at least however one visit to a PCC before study entry. Two of the patients presented with SMN and two with L/T. Three of them were Caucasian; were men who have sex with men (MSM); had at least four partners per year; had visited an STI clinic, and had had a previous HIV test. The remaining patient, notably, was 58 years old and heterosexual, with a single female sexual partner, had never used condoms, and had no history of HIV serology. In the NIC group, the HIV-positive patient was a 32-year-old man attending for a dermatological condition who was diagnosed at C1.

Ann Oncol 2004; 15: 129–133. 87 van Besien K, Ha CS, Murphy S et al. Risk factors, treatment, and outcome of central nervous system recurrence in adults with

intermediate-grade and immunoblastic lymphoma. Blood 1998; 91: 1178–1184. 88 Fonseca R, Habermann TM, Colgan JP et al. Testicular lymphoma is associated with a high incidence of extranodal recurrence. Cancer 2000; 88: 154–161. 89 Zucca E, Conconi A, Mughal TI et al. Patterns of outcome and prognostic factors in primary large-cell lymphoma of the testis in a survey by the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 20–27. 90 Liang R, Chiu E, Loke SL. Secondary central nervous system Enzalutamide in vivo involvement by non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: the risk factors. Hematol Oncol GSI-IX 1990; 8: 141–145. 91 Gholam D, Bibeau F, El Weshi A et al. Primary breast lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44: 1173–1178. 92 MacKintosh FR, Colby TV, Podolsky WJ et al. Central nervous system involvement in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: an analysis of 105 cases. Cancer 1982; 49: 586–595. 93 Cetto GL, Iannucci A, Tummarello D et al. Involvement of the central nervous system in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Tumori 1981; 67: 39–44. 94 Keldsen N, Michalski W, Bentzen SM et al. Risk factors for central nervous system involvement in non-Hodgkins-lymphoma–a multivariate analysis. Acta Oncol 1996; 35: 703–708. 95 Cairo MS, Coiffier B, Reiter A, Younes

A. Recommendations for the evaluation of risk and prophylaxis of tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) in adults and children with malignant diseases: an expert TLS panel consensus. Br J Haematol 2010; 149: 578–586. 96 Tirelli U, Errante D, Spina M et al. Second-line chemotherapy in human immunodeficiency virus-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: evidence of activity of a combination of etoposide, mitoxantrone, and prednimustine in relapsed patients. Cancer 1996; 77: 2127–2131. 97 Levine Erythromycin AM, Tulpule A, Tessman D et al. Mitoguazone therapy in patients with refractory or relapsed AIDS-related lymphoma: results from a multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 1094–1103. 98 Spina M, Vaccher E, Juzbasic S et al.

Human immunodeficiency virus-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma: activity of infusional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide as second-line chemotherapy in 40 patients. Cancer 2001; 92: 200–206. 99 Philip T, Guglielmi C, Hagenbeek A et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation as compared with salvage chemotherapy in relapses of chemotherapy-sensitive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1540–1545. 100 Bi J, Espina BM, Tulpule A et al. High-dose cytosine-arabinoside and cisplatin regimens as salvage therapy for refractory or relapsed AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 28: 416–421. 101 Gabarre J, Leblond V, Sutton L et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in relapsed HIV-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 18: 1195–1197. 102 Gabarre J, Azar N, Autran B et al.

Interventions aimed at limiting numbers of sexual partners and reducing unprotected sex typically require the building of new skills for sustaining long-term behaviour change [31]. Interventions that include HIV status

disclosure decision skills have been effective in reducing HIV risks in serodiscordant relationships and should be integrated into future interventions [32,33]. Perhaps most essential to prevention of HIV transmission by people who have HIV/AIDS is the integration of STI diagnostics and treatment into routine clinical services. Patients should also be taught how to recognize early symptoms of STIs and told that they should seek health services if they suspect STI symptoms. Early detection and aggressive treatment of STI www.selleckchem.com/products/Rapamycin.html coinfections are necessary to reduce genital fluid infectiousness. Scaling up antiretroviral therapy for HIV prevention will therefore only be successful when infectiousness beliefs are reality-based and when co-occurring STIs are prevented, rapidly detected and treated. This research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; grants R01-MH71164 and R01-MH82633). ”
“The

PubMed database was searched under the following headings: HIV or AIDS and candidosis, Selleckchem Veliparib candidiasis, Candida spp, Candida albicans, non-albicans Candida, oropharyngeal candidiasis and mucosal candidiasis. Candida species pheromone are common commensals in the general population and may be cultured using selective media from the oral cavity and genital tracts of up to 75% of individuals [1]. Such cultures are not clinically helpful. Oropharyngeal candidiasis is the commonest opportunistic infection to affect HIV-seropositive individuals, occurring in 80–90% of patients in the pre-HAART era [2]. Oesophageal candidiasis in the pre-HAART era was the AIDS-defining illness in 11% of cases [3]. Oral candidiasis is associated with

worsening immunodeficiency [4] and in the absence of HAART predicts the development of AIDS at a median of 25 months [5]. The most familiar clinical appearance of oral candidiasis is of easily removable curdy white plaques, underneath which lies raw or bleeding mucosa. Other presentations include an erythematous form, with patchy reddening of the mucosa, and depapillation of the dorsal surface of the tongue [6]; hyperplastic candidiasis, where there are white plaques that cannot be scraped away; and angular cheilitis with painful fissuring of the commissures. The symptoms are of pain in the tongue or surrounding structures or the presentation may be asymptomatic with just the clinical appearance of oral candidiasis. Vaginal candidiasis is common in HIV-seropositive women and presents with vaginitis with itching and curd-like exudate. Management is as for HIV-seronegative individuals [7]. Typically the patient with oesophageal candidiasis complains of dysphagia and/or odynophagia.

coli having an affinity for Ni-NTA agarose resin or is associated with SpPyrH (Fig. 1b). To evaluate the level of UMP kinase activity, the amount of residual substrate, ATP, in the reaction was measured. As shown in Fig. 2a and b, the levels of RLU, which reflect the amount of ATP decreased in a dose-dependent fashion with an increasing amount of SpPyrH or HiPyrH in the reaction, suggesting that the level of PyrH kinase

activity inversely correlates with the amount of residual ATP. Furthermore, the amount of UMP in the reaction, another substrate of PyrH, correlates with that of residual ATP, while reference reaction (no enzyme control) did not affect the RLU levels (Fig. 2c and d). selleck To confirm that this assay system is applicable to the evaluation of PyrH kinase inhibitors, we validated the performance using UTP, a known physiological inhibitor of PyrH. As a result, addition of UTP dose dependently increased the level of RLU, suggesting that UTP inhibition of kinase activity of SpPyrH and HiPyrH was detected as IC50s = 710

and 71 μM, respectively (Table 2). PYRH-1 was tested for molecular interaction with SpPyrH by SPR equilibrium analysis (Fig. 3). The RU of substrate UMP and PYRH-1 converged at a theoretical maximum resonance (Rmax) value (83 and 222 RU, respectively) in the range of 4–1000 μM or 2.5–40 μM, suggesting the specific and direct binding of SpPyrH this website and PYRH-1 at a one-to-one molar ratio (Fig. 4) with the IC50 against SpPyrH being less than that of UTP. We further examined the MIC of PYRH-1 for bacterial strains such as S. pneumoniae, S. aureus and H. influenzae ΔacrA (acrA, a member of AcrAB-TolC efflux pump system, deletion strain) and E. coli ΔtolC (tolC, a member of AcrAB-TolC efflux pump system, deletion strain). Because it is reported that the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump system in H. influenzae alters the susceptibility of the organism

to various classes of antimicrobial compounds (Trepod & Mott, 2004), we used the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump deletion strains. As a result, PYRH-1 had antimicrobial activities against S. pneumoniae with MIC = 64 μg mL−1, S. aureus with MIC = 2 μg mL−1 and H. influenzae ΔacrA with MIC = 1 μg mL−1 but not for E. coli ΔtolC. Taken together, we evaluated mafosfamide PYRH-1 as a kinase inhibitor of PyrH via direct molecular interaction. Although the antimicrobial activity of PYRH-1 was not sufficient for therapeutic use, we are further characterizing SAR (structure–activity relationships) in the PYRH-1 class of compounds to facilitate discovery of new antimicrobial agents. The authors acknowledge Dr Fumihiko Takeshita and Dr Yasuki Kamai for their writing assistance. ”
“Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death by a bacterial pathogen worldwide. Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms means prioritizing identification of targets for antituberculars.

8%) patients received more than one intervention. The proportion of the 183 LBP patients who received each intervention first were: magnetic

resonance imaging (MRI) (36.6%), corticosteroid injection (32.8%), acupuncture (24.0%) and TENS (6.6%); the 57 OA patients were: acupuncture (45.6%), MRI (21.1%), injection (21.1%) and TENS (12.2%). After follow-up, patients remained either in the service, or discharged due to adequate LDK378 research buy pain control or not attending their appointment. The mean in-service time was not significantly different between 305 LBP (211.3 ± 89.4 days) and 88 OA (223.7 ± 286.0 days) discharged patients. Eight of the 312 LBP (2.6%) and one of the 88 OA patients (1.1%) were re-referred. The utilisation of treatment strategies Veliparib cell line was different between LBP and OA patients but the mean in-service time was similar at around 8 months. LBP patients often need investigation as the first intervention and similar proportions of patients received MRI, injection and acupuncture but fewer received TENS, which is

not recommended in NICE guidance for LBP management. Most OA patients received acupuncture but this is not recommended in NICE guidance for OA. Instead TENS is recommended as a self-management treatment. The data collected was reflective of the local population but the study was limited the by the lack of outcomes data recorded, therefore clinical effectiveness of the strategies used could not be determined. 1. Gill J, Taylor D, Knaggs Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase R. (2012) Persistent

Pain: Improving Health Outcomes. UCL School of Pharmacy: London 2. Dr Foster Intelligence, British Pain Society, Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (2012) National Pain Audit Final Report. National Pain Audit. URL http://www.nationalpainaudit.org/media/files/NationalPainAudit-2012.pdf (accessed 25/04/13) Andrea Manfrin1, Janet Krska1, Laura Caparrotta1,2 1Medway School of Pharmacy University of Kent, Kent, UK, 2Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Padua, Italy A pilot study in Italy involving 80 community pharmacists found they were able to deliver MURs following training An enhanced MUR template made available via a web platform was very well completed, enabling collection of useful data for evaluation Feedback of the data gathered was available to pharmacy organisations in real time and showed potential benefit of the MUR for patients with asthma Italy’s national health service (NHS) has many similarities to the UK’s, but the Italian pharmacy model is still based on dispensing prescriptions and sale of OTC medicines. There is good information communication technology (ICT), but no patient medication records. Pharmacists provide services such as blood pressure, cholesterol monitoring, body mass index check and asthma monitoring, but these services have not been recognized and funded by the Italian Government and Italian pharmacists have never being trained to conduct any type of medicine review.