bovis BCG and most NTM species. 6 However, the IGRA does not discriminate LTBI from active TB upon diagnosis. 9 Discordant performance of IGRA in NTM patients has been reported; the IGRA holds potential

to differentiate between NTM and M. tb infection in a TB low-incidence setting 10 whereas false positive IGRA in NTM patients was observed due to high prevalence of LTBI in a population with a TB high-incidence. 11 and 12 These reports indicate that IFN-γ assessment, by itself, is not sufficient for differential diagnosis of active TB, LTBI, or NTM diseases, and therefore putative biomarkers for improving diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic effects need to be identified for effective TB control. In this study, we examined a panel of cytokines in patients with active TB or NTM diseases, TB contacts, and normal healthy controls to determine cytokine signatures according Panobinostat chemical structure to disease, infection, or treatment state. We hypothesized that individuals with active TB would have different cytokine signatures compared with those with NTM disease or LTBI. In addition, measurement selleck products of multiple cytokines may help identify potential biomarkers not only for differentiating active TB from LTBI or NTM disease, but also for predicting host responses during anti-TB treatment. We aimed to characterize biosignatures as putative

biomarkers, which may be useful at the early phase of diagnosis and for monitoring therapeutic effects even before confirmation of M. tb growth or clearance in culture. Because changes in circulating cytokine or chemokine levels are associated with human diseases, we performed multiplex bead arrays measuring 17 analytes including cytokines, chemokines, and a growth factor in serum, as well as plasma samples that were derived from QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) tests. From November 2010 to December 2013, 86 TB patients (mean age of 32 ranged from 20 to 76, 44 males and 42 females) at diagnosis, and 51 individuals who were recently exposed to Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 TB patients but had no active disease (mean age of 44 ranged from

18 to 82, 13 males and 38 females) were enrolled (Fig. 1). A total of 133 normal healthy individuals (mean age of 31 ranged from 20 to 61, 63 males and 70 females) recruited had no history of contact with TB patients and no symptoms of TB with normal observation on chest X-ray (Fig. 1). Forty-two NTM patients aged 43–84 years at diagnosis (10 males and 32 females) were also enrolled and NTM isolates were confirmed from the 42 patients (Fig. 1). Active pulmonary TB at diagnosis was confirmed by smear/culture of M. tb from sputa or radiological examination. Individuals who had immunosuppressants, or any form of cancer or diabetes, were excluded. Those who had HIV or renal disease were also excluded.