Patient background, disease severity, identified pathogens, initial antibiotic regimens, and outcomes were compared. A total of 108 patients (77 HCAP and 31 NHCAP except HCAP patients) were evaluated. Of NHCAP except HCAP patients, 27 (87.1 %) were above 3 in the ECOG PS score. There were almost no significant differences

between the two groups in characteristics, pneumonia severity, identified bacteria, initial antibiotic regimens, and response rate of initial antibiotic therapy. Although the in-hospital mortality of HCAP patients and NHCAP except HCAP patients was 9.1 % and 19.4 %, respectively, this difference did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05). Our study suggested that, in the criteria of HCAP, some Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor Japanese patients, who were consistent with the concept of HCAP, were classified as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Therefore, there is a need to change the definition of HCAP according to the medical environment in Japan.”
“Purpose of review

Progressive organ fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are the leading causes of death in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, the pathogenesis and the link between these two processes remain obscure. A better understanding of these events is needed in order to facilitate the discovery and development of effective therapies for SSc.

Recent findings

Recent

reports provide click here evidence that the orphan receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated

receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), better known for its pivotal role in metabolism, has potent effects on inflammation, fibrogenesis and vascular remodeling and is important in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and PAH, and as a potential therapeutic target in SSc. The studies discussed GSK3235025 concentration in this review indicate that ligands of PPAR gamma potently modulate connective tissue turnover and suggest that aberrant expression or function of PPAR gamma is associated with, and very likely contributes to, the progression of pathological fibrosis and vascular remodeling. These observations are of particularly relevance because FDA-approved drugs of the thiazolidinedione class currently used for the treatment of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes activate PPAR gamma signaling. Moreover, novel PPAR gamma ligands with selective activity are under development or in clinical trials for inflammatory diseases, asthma, Alzheimer disease and cancer.

Summary

Drugs targeting the PPAR gamma pathway might be effective for the control of fibrosis as well as pathological vascular remodeling underlying PAH and, therefore, might have a therapeutic potential in SSc. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying the antifibrogenic and vascular remodeling activities of PPAR gamma ligands will be necessary in order to advance these drugs into clinical use.”
“The problem of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to fluoroquinolones is of growing concern in hospitals.

This distinct architecture is reflected p38 MAPK activation by functional differences, including phosphorylation control by organellar protein kinase(s) closely related to nucleocytosolic, rather than bacterial-type, enzymes. In particular, cpCK2, a nuclear-coded plastid-targeted casein kinase 2, has been implicated as a key component in plant sigma factor phosphorylation and transcriptional regulation (Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 2002, 3329; Planta, 219, 2004, 298). Although this notion is based mainly on biochemical evidence and in vitro systems, the recent availability of Arabidopsis sigma knock-out lines for complementation by

intact and mutant sigma cDNAs has opened up new strategies for the study of transcription regulatory mechanisms in vivo. Using Arabidopsis sigma factor 6 (AtSIG6) as a paradigm, we present data suggesting that: (i) this factor is a substrate for regulatory phosphorylation by cpCK2 both in vitro and in vivo; (ii) cpCK2 phosphorylation of SIG6 occurs at multiple sites, which can widely differ in their effect on the visual and/or molecular phenotype; (iii) in vivo usage of the perhaps most critical cpCK2 site defined by Ser174 requires (pre-)phosphorylation at the n + 3 serine residue Ser177, pointing to ‘pathfinder’

kinase activity capable of generating a functional cpCK2 substrate site.”
“Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an imprinting disorder characterized by overgrowth, congenital malformation, and tumor predisposition. this website Children with BWS have a higher incidence of tumors, commonly intra-abdominal tumors such as Wilms tumor, hepatoblastoma, and adrenal cortical carcinoma. Here, we describe the first case of a rare hepatic malignancy of nested stromal epithelial tumor (NSET) of the liver in a child with BWS. A 22-month old girl with BWS had a new incidental liver mass. Her alpha-fetoprotein levels were normal. She underwent a liver segmentectomy. Histopathologic

features combined with immunohistochemistry GDC-0068 in vitro results (positivity for pankeratin [AE1/3], CD56, CK19, CD117, CD99 [weak membranous pattern], beta-catenin, and WT1-COOH [focal]), were diagnostic of NSET of the liver. This is the first case of NSET of the liver associated with BWS. Its occurrence at such an early age is consistent with the tumor predisposition of BWS.”
“Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a potent pathogen of periodontitis, typically grows as a rough and adherent colony on primary isolated cultures. The colony transforms into a smooth phenotype during repeated subculture. In this study, we aimed to identify highly expressed genes in the rough-colony-forming phenotype for isolation of host-induced genes.

The augmentation index (AIx), a marker of arterial stiffness, is an indicator of vascular function. The aim of the study was as follows: (1) to investigate whether AIx is increased in RA patients without traditional cardiovascular risk factors and (2) to evaluate whether there is an interrelationship with large artery remodeling as ascertained by carotid ultrasound.

Methods: Thirty-six RA patients

(age, 46.4 +/- 7.7 years; 31 female) were recruited. Patients were eligible for analysis if they had no traditional cardiovascular risk factors. AIx was assessed noninvasively during pulse wave analyses. For large artery remodeling the intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured in both common carotid arteries with ultrasound. Results were compared with 36 age- and sex-matched controls.

Results: AIx was statistically significantly higher in RA patients as compared with controls selleck chemicals llc (27.4 +/- 9.4% versus 18.4 +/- 9.0%; P < CUDC-907 mw 0.001). In

addition, IMT was significantly higher in RA patients (0.73 +/- 0.16 mm versus 0.65 +/- 0.12 mm; P = 0.01). In RA patients there was a positive correlation between IMT and AIx (r[IMT; AIx] = 0.45; P = 0.008).

Conclusion: AIx, a marker of arterial stiffness, as well as IMT, a marker of large-artery remodeling, are increased in RA patients without traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Measuring AIx might assist in better assessing the increased

cardiovascular risk in RA patients. Savolitinib mw (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Semin Arthritis Rheum 39:163-169″
“Objective

The parasympathetic transmitter vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) increases salivary gland blood flow and evokes protein secretion and, in some species, such as rats, a small fluid secretion. It interacts synergistically with muscarinics for protein and fluid output. Human salivary acini are supplied with VIP-containing nerves. We hypothesise that VIP and clozapine, acting together, evoke a volume of saliva greater than the sum of those induced by each drug given separately. It was further considered whether, in the current test situation, circulatory events influenced the magnitude of the secretory response.

Material and Methods

Saliva from parotid glands deprived of their autonomic innervation, and saliva and blood from innervated submandibular glands were collected in adrenoceptor antagonist-pretreated pentobarbitone-anaesthetised rats. Initially, the individual and then the combined effects of intravenous doses of VIP and clozapine were established.

Results

The submandibular volume response to the combination was 2-3 times higher, while blood pressure and glandular blood flow did not differ from those to VIP alone. The synergism occurred independent of nerves as shown in denervated parotid glands.

(C) 2011, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Present study examined the effect of VGCC L-type blocker – nifedipine given i.c.v.

(0.25, 0.5, 1 and/or 2 mg in toto) on the development of nociceptive behavior, clinical symptoms, plasma catecholamin concentration and reticulo-rumen motility following 5 min lasting mechanical duodenal distension (DD) in sheep. After 24 h of fasting, all animals received i.m. ketamine analgesia (20 mg kg(-1) B.W) and anesthetized with pentobarbital (20 mg kg(-1) B.W., i.v. infusion) The permanent stainless steel cannula 29 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter was inserted into the lateral cerebral ventricle (controlled by cerebro-spinal efflux) 10 mm above the bregma and 5 mm laterally from MK0683 the midline sutures using stereotaxic method. Under the same general anesthesia/analgesia a T-shaped silicon cannula (inside diameter of 21 mm), was inserted into the duodenum (12 cm

from pylorus). Second identical cannule was inserted selleck products into the dorsal sac of the rumen, a previously described. After surgery each animal was kept in individual boxes for 10 days prior to experiment and was treated i.m. with benzyl procaine penicillin 30,000 I.U kg(-1) BW) + dihydrostreptomycine sulfate (10 g kg(-1) B.W.) + prednisolone acetate (1.2 mg kg(-1) B.W.) combination and i.m. ketamine (20 mg kg(-1) B.W.) every day by seven consecutive days.

Experimental DD was conducted by insertion and then distension of rubber balloon (containing 40 ml

of warm water) inserted into sheep duodenum. Duodenal distension produced a significant increase in behavioral pain manifestations, tachycardia, hyperventilation, inhibition of reticulo-ruminal LCL161 contractions rate (from 87.2 to 38.0% during 15-20 min), an increase of plasma catecholamine concentration (over 6.4-fold increase of epinephrine during 2 h following DD, 2-times norepinephrine and 84% increase of dopamine). Nifedipine infusion administered 10 min prior to DD decreased intensity of visceral pain manifestations such as: behavioral changes, hyperventilation, reticulo-rumen motility and efficiently prevent appearance of catecholamine release. These data demonstrated that the development and persistence of duodenal hyperalgesia depends on the activation of Ca2+ ion flux leading to neurotransmitters release and modulation of membrane excitability. It seems that nifedipine given i.c.v. 10 min prior to DD (as a source of visceral pain), inhibited specific receptors 1 subunits of VGCCs in target tissues, prevented depolarization of cell membranes and release of neurotransmitters responsible for pain sensitivity in sheep. The observed antinociceptive action of VGCCs type L blockers suggest that these channels play a crucial role in the modulation of acute visceral hyperalgesia in sheep. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

SA and TPA are both originated from the interband transition between the d band and s-p conduction band. The SA possess less occupied density of states in the ground state and less unoccupied density of states in the excited state than that of TPA, so the TPA dominates the nonlinear absorption when the pulse intensity is high, leading to as-observed transition from SA to TPA. The

refraction variation with increase in pulse intensity is attributed to the interband transition of electrons from d band to s-p conduction band in the Pd NPs. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3533738]“
“Purpose: ABT-263 cell line To systematically examine whether abandoning daily routine chest radiography would adversely affect outcomes, such as mortality and length of stay (LOS), Selleckchem Anlotinib and identify a subgroup in which daily routine chest radiography might be beneficial.

Materials and Methods: This was a meta-analysis of clinical trials that examined the effect of abandoning daily routine chest radiography in adults in intensive care units (ICUs). Studies were identified through searches of MEDLINE, Cochrane Database, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Biological Abstracts, and CINAHL. The results were expressed as odds

ratios (ORs) or weighted mean difference (WMD) along with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results: Eight studies with a total of 7078 patients were identified. A pooled analysis revealed that the elimination of daily routine chest radiography did this website not affect either hospital or ICU mortality (OR, 1.02;[95% CI: 0.89, 1.17; P = .78 and OR, 0.92; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.11; P = .4, respectively). There was no significant difference in ICU LOS (WMD = 0.19 days; 95% CI: -0.13, 0.51; P = .25), hospital LOS (WMD = -0.29 days; 95% CI: -0.71, 0.13; P = .18), and ventilator days (WMD = 0.33 days; 95% CI: -0.12, 0.78; P = .15) between the on-demand and daily routine groups. Regression analyses failed to identify any subgroup in which performing daily routine chest radiography was beneficial.

Conclusion: Systematic but unselective daily routine chest radiography can likely be eliminated without increasing adverse

outcomes in adult patients in ICUs. Further studies are necessary to identify the specific patient population that would benefit from daily routine chest radiographs. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Rectifying and photoelectronic properties of the La(0.67)Ba(0.33)MnO(3)/SrTiO(3):Nb junctions with the film thickness from d = 0.5 to 30 nm have been systematically studied. It is found that the electronic transport of the junction is dominated by quantum tunneling or thermoionic emission when film thickness is below or above 1 nm. The rectifying ratio and ideality factor, correspondingly, experience a sudden change as film thickness grows from 0.5 to 1 nm and a smooth variation with film thickness above 1 nm. The threshold film thickness for the establishment of a mature depletion layer is therefore 1 nm.

Newer recombinations overwrite

traces of past ones and our results indicate more recent recombinations are detected by IRiS with greater sensitivity. IRiS analysis of the MS32 region, previously studied using sperm typing, showed good concordance with estimated recombination rates. We also applied IRiS to haplotypes for 18 X-chromosome regions in HapMap Phase 3 populations. Recombination events detected for each individual were recoded as binary allelic states and combined into recotypes. Principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling based on recotypes reproduced the relationships between the eleven HapMap Phase III populations that can be expected from known human population history, thus further validating IRiS. We believe that our new method will contribute to the study of the distribution of recombination events across the genomes and, for the first time, it will allow the use of recombination as genetic Blebbistatin order marker to study human genetic variation.”
“Introduction and objectives: In primary angioplasty, the interval between first medical contact (FMC) and reperfusion should be less than 120 minutes. The time to reperfusion varies depending on where FMC is established. Recent studies suggest longer times in patients presenting in off-hours. The objective is

to evaluate the time intervals between the onset of symptoms and reperfusion according to where the FMC occurs and time of day of Selleckchem MK-5108 patient presentation.

Methods: Prospective observational study of acute myocardial infarction patients treated with primary angioplasty AZD1208 mw (February 2007 to May 2009). Depending on the FMC, patients were classified as belonging to the hospital group (hospital with primary angioplasty), the transfer group (hospital

without primary angioplasty), or the emergency medical system (EMS) group (out-of-hospital care). For each group, the prehospital delay, diagnostic delay, delay in activation and/or transfer, and procedure delay were recorded.

Results: Primary angioplasty was performed in 457 patients: 155 in the hospital group, 228 in the transfer group and 72 in the EMS group. The median [interquartile range] door-to-reperfusion times were 80 [63-107], 148 [118-189] and 81 [66-98] minutes, respectively (P < .0001). The transfer group showed a greater delay in diagnosis (P <. 0001) and delayed activation and/or transfer (P <. 0001). The EMS group had the shortest total time due to a reduced prehospital delay (P = .001). No difference was found with regard to the time of presentation (P = .42).

Conclusions: Transfer group patients were treated later and EMS group patients much earlier. There were no differences in association with the time of presentation. The identification of inappropriate delays should enable the introduction of measures to improve the efficiency of treatment. (C) 2011 Sociedad Espanola de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.

4 versus 65.4, p < 0.0001). Statistically significant differences were obtained for the study population as a whole and for the subgroup of patients loaded at 6 +/- 1 weeks after implant surgery (63.6% of patients). Up to 12 weeks, Holgers rates were comparable, whereas at 6 months, more skin reactions (Grades 1 and 2) were observed in the control implant group. No reduction in mean ISQ values was observed after implant loading.

Conclusion: The PI3K inhibitor test

implant showed higher mean ISQ values at the time of placement and over time. The level of osseointegration reached with the implants in adults as early as 6 weeks after implantation was sufficient to support the sound processor. The test implant system is expected to provide additional benefits related to the improvement of the degree of osseointegration, especially for patients with thin or compromised bone.”
“Nitrile latex foam was prepared by baking method using a chemical blowing agent along with the

addition of fungal starch, calcium carbonate and aspen fiber. The influences of these components on the mechanical properties of latex foams were studied. Different additives showed different enforcement behaviors. Results showed that aspen fiber had the best reinforcement behaviors on the mechanical properties of latex foam. The thermal degradation as well as its foam morphology was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis Kinase Inhibitor Library in vitro clearly identified that the latex loam was a composite of the mixture of foam components with nitrile latex film. The result of scanning electron microscopy exhibited that both starch particles and calcium carbonate particles were richly distributed around wood fiber. (C) 2012 Elsevier

B.V. All rights reserved.”
“We sought to analyze the outcome of hemodynamically significant acute graft rejection in pediatric heart transplant recipients from a single-center experience. Acute graft rejection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality for patients who undergo orthotopic heart transplantation and has been associated with the severity of the rejection episode. A retrospective review of all children experiencing a hemodynamically FK228 cost significant rejection episode after orthotopic heart transplantation was performed. Fifty-three patients with 54 grafts had 70 rejection episodes requiring intravenous inotropic support. Forty-one percent of these patients required high-dose inotropic support, with the remaining 59% of patients requiring less inotropic support. Overall graft survival to hospital discharge was 41% for patients in the high-dose group compared to 94% in the low-dose group. Six-month graft survival in patients who required high-dose inotropes remained at 41% compared to 44% in the low-dose group. Hemodynamically significant acute graft rejection in pediatric heart transplant recipients is a devastating problem with poor short- and long-term outcomes.

As the Y content is increased, extensive local structural deformations are observed, but phase separation does not occur due to kinetic limitations. Nanostructured RuO(2) alloyed with Y might lead to enhanced phonon scattering and quantum confinement effects, which in turn improve the thermoelectric efficiency. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3633234]“
“Childhood-onset epilepsy is associated with psychiatric and cognitive difficulties and with poor social https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hsp990-nvp-hsp990.html outcomes in adulthood. In a prospective cohort of young people with epilepsy, we studied psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy-related characteristics, all factors that may influence

long-term social outcomes. Five hundred one subjects, 159 with complicated (IQ < 80 or brain lesion) and 342 with uncomplicated epilepsy, were included. Psychiatric disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders were more common in complicated epilepsy (P < 0.005). In uncomplicated epilepsy, externalizing but not internalizing disorders were strongly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Internalizing AG-014699 in vivo disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders were associated with lack of 5-year remission. Type of epilepsy was not associated with neurodevelopmental disorders or psychiatric disorders. Various comorbid conditions in epilepsy cluster together and are modestly associated with imperfect

seizure control. These need to be considered together in evaluating and managing young people with epilepsy and may help explain long-term social CP 456773 outcomes above and beyond poor seizure

control. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“In this article, we report on the preparation and characterization of novel poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)carbon fiber (CF) composites. We achieved the reinforcement of PVC matrices with different plasticizer contents using unidirectional continuous CFs by applying a warm press and a cylinder press for the preparation of the PVCCF composites. We achieved considerable reinforcement of PVC even at a relatively low CF content; for example, the maximum stress (sigma(max)) of the PVCCF composite at a 3% CF content was found to be 1.52 times higher than that of the PVC matrix. There were great differences among the Young’s modulus values of the pure PVC and PVCCF composites matrices. The absolute Young’s modulus values were in the range 11001300 MPa at a 3% CF content; these values were almost independent of the plasticizer content. In addition, we found a linear relationship between sigma(max) and the CF content and also recognized a linear variation of the Young’s modulus with the CF content. The adhesion of CF to the PVC matrix was strong in each case, as concluded from the strainstress curves and the light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy investigations. The mechanical properties of the PVCCF composites with randomly oriented short (10 mm) fibers were also investigated.

“
“This work attempts to develop a carbon black (CB) filled conductive polymer composite based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polypropylene (PP). The process

follows by localizing the CB particles in the minor phase (PET), and then the conductive masterbatch was elongated to form conductive microfibrils in PP matrix during melt extrusion process. After compression molding, a fine conductive three-dimensional learn more microfibrillar network is constructed. For comparison purpose, CB, PET, and PP are mixed using different pattern. The morphology and the volume resistivity of the obtained composites are evaluated. Electrical conductivity investigation shows that the percolation threshold and resistivity values are dependent on the CB concentration. The best morphological observation shows that the PET phases forms well-defined microfibrils, and CB particles overwhelmingly localize in the surfaces of the PET microfibrils, which led to a very low percolation threshold, i.e., 4.5 phr, and a reasonable conductivity. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011″
“Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-staphylococcal activity of a lactic acid bacterial strain and its effect on the HIF inhibitor intestinal

histological damage caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection.

Methods: Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei was isolated in our laboratory from breastfed newborn feces and identified phenotypically and genotypically. selleck compound The strain was analyzed by spot-on-lawn and well diffusion assays for the production of bacteriocins against five antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains isolated from the feces of hospitalized patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The antistaphylococcal activity of this strain was evaluated in fermented milk and in vivo using holoxenic rabbits.

Results: The strain was able to produce a bacteriocin-like substance active against the staphylococcal strains. A reduction of 2 log in S. aureus cell numbers was registered in co-culture with L. paracasei in fermented milk. Administration

of skimmed milk containing S. aureus (10(7) cells/ml) to healthy rabbits induced a persistent diarrheal state 5 days after the challenge. Dissection of the rabbits and consequent histological observations showed damage and an atrophy of the intestinal and colonic mucosae of the diarrheal rabbits; in contrast an arrest of the diarrhea concomitant with recovery of the intestinal villi and the colonic crypts was observed in the rabbits treated with L. paracasei-fermented milk. Furthermore, the diarrheal state persisted in spite of a decrease in the level of S. aureus cells in the feces of the rabbits receiving sterile milk; this was in contrast to the rabbits treated with L. paracasei-fermented milk, in which the decrease in the S. aureus fecal number was associated with the arrest of the diarrhea.

Conclusions: L.

However, in our setting, where resources are limited and newer treatment options are expensive, it is often difficult to deliver the best care to the patient.”
“Dielectric and direct piezoelectric responses in non-doped and Mn-doped SB203580 in vitro Pb0.91La0.09(Zr-0.65,Ti-0.35)O-3 ceramics are experimentally studied. The permittivity and the direct piezoelectric

coefficient were measured by applying an ac electric field or a mechanical stress, respectively. The results show that the dielectric response is mainly due to an extrinsic contribution at room temperature. A notable reduction in room temperature dielectric losses by Mn-doping is verified. The temperature of the minimum of the losses depends on the Mn-content, enabling the Pb0.91La0.09(Zr-0.65,Ti-0.35)O-3 properties to be tuned from soft to hard. A significant stabilization of the dielectric and piezoelectric responses, related to domain wall motion reduction, is confirmed in Mn-doped materials, so these materials become good candidates

for transducer applications. The correlation between the dielectric constant and dielectric losses is discussed in terms of the Rayleigh model. Results show that Mn-doped PLZT response does not fit this model. This fact could be explained by taking into account the nature of the defects created by manganese addition. These complex defects LCL161 find more act as pinning centers, and the reversible movement of domain walls provide a significant contribution to the response of these materials. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3622338]“
“Optimization

of medium composition for the improvement of heterotrophic cultivation of green microalgae. Tetraselmis suecica, was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). Heterotrophic cultivation of T. suecica was conducted in total darkness using Walne medium formulated with natural sea water. Initially, the effect of two types of carbon source (glucose and sodium acetate) and various types of nitrogen source (peptone, yeast extract, meat extract, malt extract, urea, sodium nitrate and ammonium nitrate) on growth of T. suecica was studied. The concentration of medium component that was found to significantly influence the heterotrophic growth of T. suecica (glucose, peptone, yeast extract and meat extract) was further optimized using RSM. The medium that consists of 5.78 g/L glucose, 9 g/L peptone, 4.48 g/L yeast extract and 3.01 g/L meat extract was found optimal for heterotrophic cultivation of T. suecica. The final cell concentration (28.88 g/L) obtained in heterotrophic cultivation using this optimized medium was about 3 and 2 times higher than obtained in photoautotrophic culture (8.40 g/L) and non-optimized medium for heterotrophic cultivation (13.81 g/L), respectively.