Two independent glycine, and two independent glutamate binding sites appear to be required. Therefore, it has been suggested, the minimum requirement for a functional NMDA receptor is two NR1 and two NR2(A-D) subunits [Kew and Kemp, 2005]. At resting potential, NMDA receptors are blocked by extracellular Mg2+, which binds to an intrachannel site of the NMDA receptor complex. In order to allow Ca2+ to enter the cell, in addition to glutamate and glycine binding, the cell must depolarize, removing

the Mg2+ block [Dingledine et al. 1999] (see Figure 2). Uncompetitive allosteric antagonists of the NMDA receptor such Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical as ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP) and dizocilpine (MK-801) bind to the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical inside of the NMDA receptor ion channel when it is in its open state, and prevent Ca2+ influx. Figure 2. Simplified diagram of an NMDA receptor with glycine (Gly), glutamate (Glu) and MK-801/PCP/ ketamine (PCP) binding sites displayed. Extracellular calcium entry through the NMDA receptor occurs only when both glutamate and glycine bind to their respective … Glutamate and schizophrenia There is growing evidence that changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission may occur in schizophrenia, and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical it has been hypothesized that glutamatergic changes may precede, or give rise to, alterations in other downstream neurotransmitter GSK2656157 order systems such as dopamine [Stone et al. 2007]. The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia was founded

on a number of observations. Drugs that act as uncompetitive antagonists at NMDA receptors such as PCP and

ketamine reliably and instantly induce a drug-induced state that closely Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical resembles the symptoms of schizophrenia, including thought disorder, odd ideas and delusions, cognitive impairment and, most notably, an emotional withdrawal that has been likened to Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the negative symptoms of schizophrenia [Javitt, 2007; Morgan and Curran, 2006; Krystal et al. 1994]. In contrast, drugs that increase brain dopamine transmission, such as amphetamine, do not induce cognitive or negative symptoms [Krystal et al. 2005]. Blockade of NMDA receptors by ketamine has been shown to be most closely related to negative, rather than positive symptoms [Stone et al. 2008], suggesting that dopamine and glutamatergic Farnesyltransferase changes may give rise to different symptoms of the illness [Stone et al. 2008; Krystal et al. 2005]. Second, candidate risk genes for schizophrenia are not related to the dopamine system, but rather converge on molecules involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission [Harrison and Weinberger, 2005]. These findings suggest, as hypothesized previously, that negative and cognitive symptoms may be at the core of schizophrenia [Andreasen, 1999]. Cognitive symptoms have been found to be closely associated with negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia [Ventura et al. 2009; Addington et al. 1991], and negative symptoms are most closely associated with functional outcome [Ventura et al. 2009].