This economic analysis included data from respondents with migraine in the UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. CM participants had higher level of disability and more prevalent psychiatric disorders compared to EM. CM participants had more provider visits, Wnt drug emergency department/hospital visits, and diagnostic tests; the medical costs were three times higher for CM than EM. Per patient annual costs were highest in the UK and Spain and lower in

France and Germany. CM was associated with higher medical resource use and total costs compared to EM in all study countries, suggesting that treatments that reduce headache frequency could decrease the clinical and economic burden of migraine in Europe. Comparing check details patterns of care and outcomes among countries may facilitate the development of more cost-effective care, and bring greater recognition to patients affected by migraine.”
“Background: We aimed to examine access to care of opioid-dependent patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Methods: A standardized form was used to conduct a retrospective survey from 1999 to 2003 in a French university hospital. All HCV RNA positive in- or outpatients who had not had a liver biopsy or anti-HCV treatment were

included. Opioid-dependence was defined as active opioid drug use or being on opioid substitution treatment.

Results: The survey included 580 patients; 137 (23.6%) were opioid-dependent. Fewer patients with than without current opioid dependence had had genotyping (40.1% versus 67.7%, p<0.001), liver biopsy (51.8% versus 62.8%, p = 0.022), and anti-HCV treatment (8.8% versus 18.3%, p = 0.008). Genotyping was independently, negatively, associated with: (1) current opioid-dependence (OR = 0.3, 95%CI = Belinostat 0.2-0.5), (2) former opioid-dependence (OR = 0.5, 95%CI = 0.3-0.9), (3) unemployment (OR = 0.5, 95%CI = 0.3-0.7), and (4) HCV infection discovered by screening (OR = 0.5, 95%CI = 0.3-0.7). Access to liver biopsy was independently,

negatively associated with current opioid-dependence (OR = 0.6, 95%CI = 0.4-0.9), but positively associated with alcohol consumption (OR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.2-3.4) and abnormal ALT level (OR = 2.2, 95%CI = 1.5-3.2). Access to anti-HCV treatment was independently, negatively associated with HCV infection discovered by screening (OR = 0.5, 95%CI = 0.3-0.9), but positively associated with moderate hepatitis (OR = 6.8, 95%CI = 2.8-16.8), extensive fibrosis or cirrhosis (OR = 12.3, 95%CI = 5.5-27.5), abnormal ALT level (OR = 2.1, 95%CI = 1.3-3.6) and age (40-64 years) (OR = 1.9. 95%CI = 1.0-3.4).

Conclusions: Genotyping and liver biopsies were performed less frequently on current opioid dependent patients. Absence of genotyping was also independently associated with unemployment and former opioid-dependence. Alcohol consumption or abnormal ALT levels favored access to biopsy.