Then gene expression profiles in the articular cartilage of the distal femur were analyzed at 2. 4, 8 and 24h post-dose. In the GeneChip analysis, the expression of 134 gene probes in the OFLX-treated group showed statistically significant differences with at least 1.5-fold difference from the control. Among them, intracellular signaling cascade-

and stress response-related genes changed at 2 h post-dose; cell death- and inflammatory response-related genes at 4 and 8 h post-dose; basic-leucine zipper transcription factor and stress response-related genes at 8 and 24 h post-dose; stress response-, proteolysis- and glycoprotein-related genes at 24 h post-dose. In a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis,

up-regulated Dusp1 (intracellular signaling cascade-related gene), Tnfrsf12a (cell death-related gene), Ptgs2, Fos (inflammatory response-related https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD0530.html genes), Mt1a, Plaur (stress response-related genes) and Mmp3 (proteolysis-related gene) and down-regulated Sstr1 and Has2 (glycoprotein-related genes) were observed with dose dependency in the articular cartilage of juvenile rats treated with OFLX at 100, 300 and 900 mg/kg. The expression of Tnfrsf12a, Ptgs2, Plaur and Mmp3 was also noted in chondrocytes around the cartilage lesions by in situ hybridization. In conclusion, our results suggest that cytokines, chemokines and/or proteases produced by up-regulation of cell death-, inflammatory response-, stress response- and proteolysis-related selleck screening library genes play a important role in the onset of OFLX-induced chondrotoxicity in juvenile rats. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background\n\nAdministration of oral sucrose with and without non-nutritive sucking

is frequently used as a non-pharmacological intervention for procedural pain relief in neonates.\n\nObjectives\n\nTo determine the efficacy, effect of dose and safety of oral sucrose for relieving procedural pain in neonates.\n\nSearch strategy\n\nThe standard methods of the Cochrane Neonatal Collaborative Review Group were used.\n\nSelection criteria\n\nRandomized controlled trials in which term and/or preterm neonates (postnatal age maximum of 28 days corrected for postmenstrual age) received sucrose for procedural pain. Control conditions included water, pacifier, positioning/containing or breastfeeding.\n\nData find more collection and analysis\n\nThe main outcome measures were physiological and/or behavioural pain indicators and/or composite pain scores. A weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the fixed effects model was reported for continuous outcome measures.\n\nMain results\n\nForty-four studies enrolling 3,496 infants were included. Results from only a few studies could be combined in meta-analyses. Sucrose significantly reduced duration of total crying time (seconds) [WMD -39.26 (95% CI -44.29, -34.