While recent years have brought a surge of attention to this area of study, we believe this is just the beginning of a rich scientific enterprise. What are the factors that influence integration (Box 1)? How do neural representations simultaneously support the maintenance of episodic

detail and generalization across experiences? How do memory integration and behavioral flexibility change across the lifespan [51]? Ruxolitinib cell line These are merely examples of the many important questions that remain the subject of future investigation. Nothing declared. Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as: • of special interest This work was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (R01 MH100121 to A.R.P.); by the National Science Foundation CAREER award (1056019 to A.R.P.); and by the Department of Defense (DoD) through the National Defense Science

& Engineering Graduate Fellowship (NDSEG) Program (to M.L.S.). ”
“Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences GSK J4 concentration 2015, 1:9–16 This review comes from a themed issue on Cognitive neuroscience Edited by Cindy Lustig and Howard Eichenbaum http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.07.004 2352-1546/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Interference control, which is the ability to protect ongoing cognitive processing from internal or environmental distraction, has long been a subject of interest in cognitive psychology. The ability to achieve interference control is strongly correlated with the performance of higher-order cognitive functions such as language comprehension, problem-solving, and fluid intelligence. Human

cognition studies have focused on inhibition-related functions 1, 2 and 3, and dual-task paradigms Benzatropine have been used to investigate the mechanisms that underlie interference control. The general principle of the dual-task paradigm is for subjects to perform two relatively complex tasks simultaneously, each of which includes a distinct goal and stimulus-response association. Despite the remarkable flexibility of cognitive abilities, human subjects often exhibit decreased performance in either or both component tasks of the dual-task paradigm, since information processing for one task interferes with the other [4•]. The addition of a more cognitively demanding secondary task can strongly disrupt performance of the primary task. Since heavy cognitive demands on the information processing system are thought to produce dual-task interference, either a control mechanism to coordinate multiple processing streams, such as the central executive in working memory model 5 and 6•, or a control mechanism to flexibly allocate cognitive resource for each task 7 and 8, is required in addition to the control process for each component task. Recent behavioral studies have indicated that humans and animals exhibit a similar dual-task interference effect.