Querying the libraries’ role opens other questions, such as those around access to the information holdings. How much of the marine information, beyond the professional, peer-reviewed

commercial journals and books (i.e., monographs), is digitized? This question involves an understanding of the prevalence and importance of grey literature, defined as “that which is produced at all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print Adriamycin solubility dmso and electronic formats, but which is not controlled by commercial publishers. In general, grey literature publications are non-conventional, fugitive and sometimes ephemeral publications”, and include a wide range check details of materials (Grey Literature Network Service, 1999). It is an important genre of information (EIUI, 2013). Are the massive grey literature holdings of most marine libraries largely digitized or being digitized? Is archival material (e.g., older data records and reports, books and proceedings from symposia, annual reports, cruise and expedition reports, photographs, personal journals) of much value in our networked world, where instant access to new information is the new gold standard, and the value of older and historical materials is

often under-appreciated? Are marine science libraries simply no longer required in our brave new digital world? Lately, the focus of the debate in Canada has been largely on the network of science libraries run by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans or DFO (Munro, 2013 and Nikiforuk, 2014; www.saveoceanscience.ca).

next It has been galvanized by pictures of dumpsters full of discarded data reports and books, images of people hauling away their treasured finds, and descriptions of chaotic sorting and culling of library collections. The DFO is the lead department for ocean research, ocean management, and management of all freshwater and marine fisheries, with a mandate under the Fisheries Act, the Oceans Act, the Species at Risk Act and others. All of these mandates are information intensive. The closure of seven of eleven of its libraries has purportedly led to savings of slightly under half a million dollars per year and seven or eight staff positions. However, the costs to the remaining two “core” libraries of servicing researchers and students across the country or from other countries have not been taken into account. As well, the once world renowned network of marine and aquatic libraries under their care has been lost. From St. John’s, Newfoundland, to St.