Multivariable risk ratios were calculated based on model parameter coefficients using standard methods. Entry and elimination criteria were set at a value of P=0.10. All P-values are reported as two-sided, and all confidence intervals (CIs) reported are 95% intervals. All analyses were performed using stata (version 8.0; Stata Corporation, College Station,

TX, USA). Nine hundred and forty-eight HIV-infected subjects were enrolled in the study and provided at least one urine sample (315 at Duke and 633 at the University of North Carolina). At baseline, 69.4% had no detectable urine protein excretion, 20.2% had microalbuminuria, and 10.4% had proteinuria. In general, subjects with microalbuminuria and proteinuria were more likely to be black (P=0.02), have a lower CD4 lymphocyte count

(P=0.02 comparing subjects without abnormal urine protein excretion to subjects with microalbuminuria; P=0.0001 comparing subjects AZD1208 clinical trial with microalbuminuria to subjects with proteinuria), and have a higher plasma HIV RNA level (P=0.08 comparing subjects without abnormal urine protein excretion to subjects with microalbuminuria; P=0.04 comparing subjects with microalbuminuria to subjects with proteinuria) (Table 1). There was no difference in serum creatinine comparing subjects without abnormal urine protein excretion to subjects with microalbuminuria (P=0.31); however, subjects with proteinuria had a lower GFR than subjects with microalbuminuria (P=0.03). At baseline, a greater proportion of subjects

with microalbuminuria or click here proteinuria had an eGFR<90 mL/min (P<0.0001). Approximately 75% of enrolled subjects had at least one follow-up urine examination after baseline. Those who did not have a follow-up examination were younger or more likely to be women or of black race (P=0.003, 0.02 and 0.02, respectively) (Table 2). There were, however, no differences between those with and without follow-up with respect to CD4 lymphocyte count, HIV-1 RNA level, blood pressure, kidney function or urine protein excretion. The proportions of subjects without abnormal urine protein excretion, microalbuminuria and proteinuria on next follow-up examination varied based on the results of their initial examination (Fig. 1). Almost 80% of subjects with no baseline abnormal MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit urine protein excretion continued to be without abnormality on follow-up. However, 15.7% and 5.3% demonstrated microalbuminuria and proteinuria, respectively, on subsequent examinations. Clinical or demographic characteristics were not significantly different in subjects without abnormal urine protein excretion at baseline who continued to be without abnormality compared to those who developed microalbuminuria or proteinuria (Table 3a), with the exception of CD4 lymphocyte count. Subjects who developed proteinuria tended to have a lower CD4 lymphocyte count than those who continued to be without abnormality (P=0.06).