Interestingly, many of the genes up-regulated are involved in cell cycle control and cancer (Table 2). IPA-mediated functional analysis reveals that the major classes of genes changed following HNF4α deletion are in the cancer and cell proliferation category. The up-regulation of promitogenic genes explains the significant increase in proliferation within the liver of HNF4α-KO mice. This observation also raises questions

regarding the mechanism by which HNF4α is regulating promitogenic genes. Whereas beyond the scope of this study, a closer look at the up-regulated genes in HNF4α-KO mice raises the possibility that HNF4α inhibits hepatocyte proliferation by way of both direct and CH5424802 indirect inhibition for select subpopulations of genes. Bonzo et al.17 first reported the observation that deletion of HNF4α results in an increase in hepatocyte proliferation due to an increase in promitogenic gene expression. The data obtained in this study further confirmed that HNF4α inhibits proliferation through the inhibition of genes involved in cell cycle control. Analysis within the Bonzo et al. study was performed 19 days following initial TAM exposure. Our study strengthens their findings by showing that hepatocyte proliferation and changes in promitogenic gene expression occur as early as 7 days after HNF4α deletion. This suggests that the increased promitogenic gene expression and hepatocyte proliferation

may be due directly to the loss of HNF4α as opposed to another factor that HNF4α may regulate. We have recently made similar observation using an adeno-associated PLX3397 chemical structure virus 8-mediated Cre system.19 Our analysis revealed that a large number of the genes up-regulated after

HNF4α deletion are regulated by c-Myc. The RNA-Seq data showed a 3.8-fold increase in c-Myc gene expression, corroborating these results. Previous studies have indicated that HNF4α competes with c-Myc for binding on the promoter of cell cycle inhibitor p21/WAF1.27 Further analysis revealed that several genes up-regulated in the c-Myc gene network are involved in stimulation of cell proliferation and cancer Abiraterone ic50 pathogenesis including the set oncoprotein, fus, ccnb1, and ccnb2. These data indicate that HNF4α may indirectly down-regulate these genes by way of suppressing c-Myc activation in normal adult hepatocytes. It has been speculated that deletion of HNF4α will result in rapid liver failure, making it difficult to directly study its role in the pathogenesis of HCC.17 Whether HNF4α deletion itself can result in hepatocarcinogenesis is not known and may be difficult to study due to limitations of the model system; therefore, we decided to investigate whether HNF4α deletion can promote existing tumors in the liver and can be tested using the two-stage DEN-induced chemical carcinogenesis model. Our studies indicate that HNF4α deletion during the late stage of HCC progression can substantially promote DEN-induced hepatic tumor formation.