Incretin mimetics are attractive adjunctive therapy for type 2 diabetes due to its efficacy on reducing hyperglycemia with a minimal risk of hypoglycemia. In contrast to most available hypoglycemia agents that cause weight gain, incretin mimetics are associated with moderate weight loss. In this review, we focused our discussion on the actions of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in the brain regulation of energy expenditure and food intake. Furthermore, we reviewed the data from preclinical

and clinical studies in humans and discussed the actions of GLP-1, GLP-1 analogs, dipeptidyl pepidase 4 selleck chemicals (DPP-4) inhibitors on body weight regulation as well as mechanism by which these effects may occur. The gastrointestinal side effects common to GLP-1 based therapeutics such as nausea hamper its wide spread use. Here, we discussed theoretical possibilities for maximizing weight loss and minimizing nausea with of incretin-based therapy.”
“Aims: Since the

publication of the 2006 International Children’s Continence Society (ICCS) guidelines on terminologies for lower urinary tract dysfunction in children, little is known of their impact. In this study, we aim to quantify the adherence to the guidelines in the published literature, and to examine whether Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) in MEDLINE reflect the recommended “”new”" ICCS terminology. Methods: Seven pairs of pre-specified paired terms (obsolete and recommended by the ICCS) were searched, limited to PF-04929113 paediatric literature published between 2002 and 2010. Their use in the literature was compared between the pre-guideline (2002-2005) and post-guideline (2007-2010) period and across geographical regions. MeSH in MEDLINE were examined for the use buy AZD5582 of ICCS preferred terminology. Results: Publications in paediatric urinary incontinence have shown a 49% increase from 2002-2005 to 2007-2010 (55-82 per year). There was about a fourfold increase in the likelihood of usage of ICCS recommended terminologies post ICCS guideline publication (OR: 4.19, 95% CI: 3.04-5.78, P < 0.001). Approximately 25%

of the studies published between 2007 and 2010 used obsolete terminologies. Analysis indicated satisfactory uptake for most terms, with the exception of “”urotherapy.”" There was no significant geographical variation in uptake. More than half of the ICCS-recommended terms (4/7) did not appear in the current MeSH indexing tree and scope notes. Conclusions: Overall uptake of recommended terms following release of ICCS terminology guidelines was encouraging although it remains suboptimal for certain terms. Efforts need to be made to improve the current MEDLINE indexing so that MeSH terms reflect terminology recommended by the ICCS. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 952-956, 2013. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“A bacterial strain (Strain N-08) capable of extracellulary producing high level of non-reducing oligosaccharide (NR-OS) isolated from soil.