5 at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, or total hip. A diagnosis of osteoporosis by medical record was present if the diagnosis of osteoporosis was recorded in the physicians’ notes. Treatment of osteoporosis was present if the patient was receiving calcium, with or without vitamin D, or pharmacologic therapy for osteoporosis (bisphosphonates, estrogen, raloxifene, teriparatide,

or calcitonin). It should be noted that at the time of the study, the electronic medical record contained the progress notes only for some clinics, and the ascertainment of the medication use and medical problems present may thus be incomplete. Statistical analysis Statistical selleck chemical analyses were performed using STATA 10 (StataCorp,

College Station, TX) software. Differences between AA and CA patients were examined using a t test for continuous and chi-squared test for categorical variables. Selleck CB-839 Logistic regressions were used to determine whether the observed difference in the prevalence of vertebral fractures between the AA and CA women could be explained by medical conditions associated with osteoporosis (see above). In these logistic regression analyses, presence of vertebral fractures (yes or no) was a binary AZD3965 purchase outcome while race (AA or CA) and age were fixed predictors in all models. The conditions associated with osteoporosis were then added one at a time to the model as covariates. In addition, interaction terms with race were generated for each of these covariates and added into the model along with the respective covariate, race, and age. Results After eliminating duplicate exams from the same patients, uninterpretable images, women who were not AA or CA, or patients without a race specified, there were 1,011 subjects left for analysis. Their clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1. The two racial groups did not differ in age, prevalence

of rheumatoid arthritis, Liothyronine Sodium previous organ transplantation, or systemic glucocorticoid usage. CA women were more likely to have a history of cancer, but they had a lower prevalence of end-stage renal disease and smoking. A higher percentage of AA received their primary care at the University of Chicago Medical Center. Table 1 Clinical characteristics of 1,011 women whose chest radiographs were used in analysis Clinical characteristic Caucasian (N = 238) African American (N = 773) p value Age (years) 74.9 ± 8.5 74.5 ± 8.7 0.50 Vertebral fracture 31 (13.0%) 80 (10.4%) 0.26 Cancer 85 (35.7%) 147 (19.0%) <0.001 Rheumatoid arthritis 6 (2.5%) 20 (2.6%) 0.96 ESRD 3 (1.3%) 43 (5.6%) 0.005 Transplant 5 (2.1%) 9 (1.2%) 0.28 Glucocorticoids 20 (8.4%) 44 (5.7%) 0.13 Smoking 40 (18.5%) 223 (28.9%) 0.002 PCP at Univ. of Chicago 117 (49.2%) 522 (67.5%) <0.