1D). In this cluster, miR-UTR2 http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BI-2536.html replaced endogenous miR-17 and miR-UTR1 replaced endogenous miR-18. In this orientation, miR-UTR2 was active, inhibiting its target by 72% ± 0.5% (P < 0.01) (Fig. 2C). In contrast, this change resulted in a loss of activity for miR-UTR1, suggesting that mature miRNAs are not processed correctly from the miR-18 scaffold, a finding confirmed by northern analysis (see below). Efficacy of an exogenous polycistronic miRNA has not been previously

evaluated in vivo. We determined the efficacy of the five anti-HCV miRNAs in mouse liver by coinjecting the plasmids expressing the HCV-miR Clusters with the RLuc-HCV reporter plasmids via HDTV injection.20 Two days following the injection, mice were sacrificed, livers were harvested, and dual luciferase assays were performed on liver lysates. Control mice received injections of the same RLuc-HCV reporters Akt inhibitor and a pUC19 plasmid. Four of the five miRNAs expressed from HCV-miR-Cluster 1 + Intron were highly active in inhibiting their individual cognate reporters (Fig. 3A). Furthermore, using the RLuc reporter containing all five HCV targets, 94% ± 2% inhibition was observed (P < 0.01). Similar to what was found in Huh-7 cells, miR-UTR2 was completely inactive. In all cases, higher

silencing activity by the four active miRNAs was observed in vivo, as compared to that seen in vitro. The higher activity Clomifene was not due to nonspecific silencing as demonstrated by the failure of HCV-miR-Cluster 1 + Intron to inhibit a reporter lacking HCV sequences (psiCheck2) (Fig. 3A). The lack of inhibition of the RLuc-HCV UTR1 reporter by a plasmid expressing only HCV-miR-Core, also demonstrated that the higher levels of inhibition observed in vivo are not due to nonspecific targeting (data not shown).

As mentioned above, we constructed a second miRNA cluster (HCV-miR-Cluster 2) to evaluate the activity of miR-UTR2 when inserted into endogenous miR-17, rather than miR-18. This change in position resulted in a highly active miR-UTR2, capable of inhibiting its target by 97% ± 0.5% (P < 0.01 relative to pUC19 control) (Fig. 3B). The reciprocal placement of miR-UTR1 into endogenous miR-18 from miR-17 completely abolished its activity (Fig. 3B), again suggesting that mature miRNAs are not processed correctly from a pre-miR-18 scaffold. Similar to HCV-miR-Cluster 1, HCV-miR-Cluster 2 was also able to silence the HCV reporter containing all five targets by 92% ± 2.7% (P < 0.01 relative to pUC19 control) (Fig. 3B). Thus, two separate HCV-miR clusters are able to express four potent miRNAs that target HCV sequences, and mediate gene silencing in vivo. The gene silencing results were corroborated by northern blot analyses, which demonstrated that the mature forms of the four active miRNAs expressed from HCV-miR-Cluster 1 or HCV-miR-Cluster 1 + Intron were produced in mouse liver (Fig. 4A,C-E).