18 Actually, none of the patients who eventually had a liver biopsy were found to have cirrhosis. However, we cannot fully exclude that a proportion of the patients had a certain degree of intrahepatic portal venous obstruction preceding the development of acute extrahepatic PVT. Previous retrospective studies have identified local factors in 25% of acute PVT patients. The results in this prospective study were similar (21%), meaning that the reason why thrombosis develops in this particular vein remains unanswered in most patients. However, this study suggests that intrahepatic vascular disease is an underestimated risk factor for acute

PVT.19 Obliterative portal venopathy or nodular regenerative hyperplasia was documented in only 3% of JQ1 clinical trial patients. However, intrahepatic vascular Vemurafenib order disease accounted for 25% of those who underwent liver biopsy, because there were some anomalies in liver tests or imaging. Using comprehensive investigations with updated tools, a general risk factor for venous thrombosis was identified in 52% of patients. There was a predominance of MPD (21% of

patients), G20210A prothrombin gene mutation (14%), and antiphospholipid syndrome (9%). Thirty-six percent of patients had a local factor with a general risk factor, and 25% had no identified factor. These results support the recommendation that all acute

PVT patients—with or without local factors—should be investigated for prothrombotic disorders and considered for early anticoagulation without waiting for test results. A randomized controlled trial of anticoagulation for acute PVT is not realistic due to the rarity and heterogeneity of this disorder. This study has clarified the overall outcome of early anticoagulation therapy using homogeneous inclusion criteria and endpoints. Treatment recommendations were closely followed so that only seven patients could not receive early medchemexpress anticoagulation therapy. Eighty-nine percent of the anticoagulated patients received heparin-based therapy, and 83% had anticoagulation initiated within 5 days of diagnosis. The main outcomes were an absence of thrombus extension, and a high rate of recanalization. Furthermore, the incidence of intestinal infarction was only 3% in patients with superior mesenteric vein obstruction. This is similar to results in a medical series of 33 patients treated with early anticoagulation,11 but much lower than in unselected or surgical patients (20%–50%) who did not all receive anticoagulation.4 Analyses of suboptimal power failed to disclose any differences according to the type of anticoagulation agents or the delay in initiating anticoagulation.