Additionally, both horses had some male-type behavior and endocrinologic findings consistent with those of sexually intact males.

Treatment and Outcome-Taken together, these findings confirmed that both horses were male pseudohermaphrodites. Both horses returned to racing competition as males.

Clinical Relevance-As of October 1, 2008, the Pennsylvania Horse and Harness Racing Commissions implemented a postrace drug testing policy that included analysis of blood samples for anabolic and androgenic steroids and set maximum allowable Sotrastaurin concentrations of testosterone for racing

geldings and females. Within 8 months of initiation of this drug testing policy, the 2 horses of this report were identified as having an intersex condition. This raises the possibility that intersex conditions may be more common in racing Standardbreds than was previously suspected. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;238:751-754)”
“Context:

LY2090314 solubility dmso Cannabis consumption is central to diagnosis of cannabis use disorders; yet, most research on cannabis disorders has focused just on diagnosis or criteria. The present study examines the ability of a frequency and quantity measure of cannabis use as well as cannabis abuse and dependence criteria to discriminate between individuals across the cannabis use disorder continuum.

Method: A representative sample Bioactive Compound Library clinical trial of USA adults in 2001-2002 (N=43,093) were queried about the past year frequency of cannabis use and each Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) cannabis abuse and dependence criterion. Factor analysis and item response theory (IRT) models were used to define the relationship between observed responses and the underlying unobserved latent trait (cannabis use disorder severity) among past year cannabis users (n = 1603).

Results: Factor analyses demonstrated a good fit fora one-factor model both with and without the cannabis use criterion and no differential

criterion functioning was demonstrated across sex. The IRT model including the cannabis use criterion had discriminatory power comparable to the model without the cannabis use criterion and exceeded the informational value of the model without the cannabis use criterion in mild and moderate ranges of the severity continuum.

Discussion: Factor and IRT analyses disprove the validity of the DSM-IV abuse and dependence distinction: A single dimension represented the criteria rather than the two implied by the separate abuse/dependence categories. IRT models identified some dependence criteria to be among the mildest and some abuse criteria to be among the most severe-results inconsistent with the interpretation of DSM-IV cannabis abuse as a milder disorder or prodrome of cannabis dependence.