“
“Al(1-x)In(x)N layers with an indium content between x=10.5% and x=24% were grown by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy and characterized concerning their optical, structural and morphological properties with regard to the realization of optoelectronic devices. The indium content and the strain of these layers were measured by high resolution x-ray diffraction. Ellipsometric measurements were used to determine the optical constants [refractive index n(lambda) and extinction coefficient kappa(lambda)] in dependence of wavelength and indium content. The values determined for the electronic bandgaps

are in good agreement with theoretical predictions and previous publications on this topic but are more S63845 datasheet Cyclopamine clinical trial focused on AlInN layers which are pseudomorphically grown on GaN. A bowing parameter of b=10.3 +/- 0.1 was determined for fully strained layers with an indium content between 13% and 24%. In order to investigate the suitability of these layers for use in distributed Bragg reflectors, the surface morphology is characterized with respect to the indium content. Furthermore, the influence of an annealing step which often is necessary during device growth, was studied. The influence of this annealing step on the roughness was analyzed by atomic force microscopy, while structural features are monitored by high resolution secondary electron microscopy images. Based on these results

distributed Bragg reflectors for the green spectral region with up Citarinostat to 40 pairs and a peak reflectivity of 97% have been realized. Transmission electron microscopic analysis of the layer interfaces are in good agreement with the atomic force and secondary electron microscopy images of the single layer surfaces. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3467964]“
“Introduction: Virtual reality (VR) simulation has been known to shorten learning curves. The aim of this research was to determine whether VR transurethral bladder tumor resection (TURBT) with and without photodynamic diagnostic (PDD) can improve endourological skills in novice and trained endoscopists.

Materials and Methods: Residents without experience (n = 15) completed five 5-min white light VR-TURBT scenarios. The trained endoscopists (>= 25 TURBTs; n = 15) performed five 5-min VR resections using white light and PDD cystoscopy. The VR-TURBT performance with the Uro-Trainer (R) (Karl Storz GmbH, Germany) was compared between the first and last 5 cases using computer-generated parameters [inspected area (%), resected tumor mass (%) and bleeding (ml)]. The trained endoscopists’ parameters were compared with white light versus PDD-VR-TURBT. Results: Among novices, the inspected area increased from 36.8 (+/- 12.9) to 54.3% (+/- 7.3), p < 0.05. Significant improvements were noted for resection rates from 26.5 (+/- 9.6) to 52.