Li et al. [2] reported a well-conducted study which was carried out in Shanghai as part of a systematic investigation of gastrointestinal disease in China. Using a multistage, stratified sampling method, they recorded a H. pylori prevalence of 73.3% (2310/3151) by serological testing for all subjects and 71.7% (733/1022) by endoscopy for subjects who agreed for the procedure. In large endoscopy-based studies from Korea [3], Vietnam [4], and Turkey [5], H. pylori was detected from 50–70% of the Cabozantinib datasheet population

studied. Tsukanov et al. [6] in one of the few studies from eastern Siberia recorded inordinately high rate of H. pylori infection, exceeding 90% for both “Europoid” (European descent) and “Mongoloid” (Asian descent) populations. Among selected subpopulations, Ullah et al. [7] reported a high H. pylori prevalence of 77.3% among a group of Bangladesh fish handlers, while Rahim et al. [8] in a study of aborigines in the Northeastern part of Malaysia reported a prevalence rate of 19%. Pandeya et al. [9] in an Australian study of community controls of a nationwide study on esophageal cancer recorded a H. pylori prevalence rate of 15.5%

in a study population of mainly white subjects. Fraser et al. [10] showed significant differences in H. pylori prevalence between Pacific Island (49.0%) vs. Maori (26.7%) and Asian (24.7%) vs. European adolescents (13.7%). www.selleckchem.com/products/FK-506-(Tacrolimus).html Several studies on children and adolescents in Asia showed prevalence rates ranging from 20% to 84% [12–15]. Overall, as expected, the H. pylori prevalence rates

from the Asia-Pacific region were high except among the white population of Australia and New Zealand. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was generally lower among children except for the one study from India [13] and another looking at African refugee children from resettlement in Western Australia [14]. Four studies were reported from Africa [16–19]. Studies from Africa recorded high H. pylori prevalence rates ranging from 41.3% to 91.3% [16–19]. There were seven studies that reported H. pylori prevalence from South America [20–26]. Four of these studies were on children [20–23]. The study by Dattoli et al. [20], a continuation of previous studies 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase on diarrheal diseases in a town in northeastern Brazil, reported a H. pylori seroprevalence of 28.7%. Several risk factors for H. pylori infection were identified in the study and will be discussed in a later section. The other three studies on children [21–23] reported H. pylori prevalence rates ranging from 24.3% to 61.0%. There were few studies from Europe [27,28] and North America [29–32]. In an important and interesting study from USA, Epplein et al. [29] reported a high H. pylori prevalence rate of 79.0% among a subpopulation of poor Americans (predominantly blacks) with a direct correlation of high H. pylori prevalence to the low, moderate, and high “African” ancestry.