All suspected dengue cases with negative acute-phase specimen results and no convalescent specimens were classified as indeterminate. Suspected cases that did not meet these laboratory criteria were classified as laboratory-negative. For the purposes of this analysis, both probable and confirmed dengue cases Alectinib research buy are considered laboratory-positive. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines DF as an acute febrile illness with at least two of the following: headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, hemorrhagic manifestations

(such as epistaxis, gingival bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, hematuria, or menorrhagia), or leukopenia as well as supportive serology or an epidemiologic link to a confirmed case of DF.6 DHF is defined as fever or history of fever of 2 to 7 days duration in the presence of

thrombocytopenia (≤100,000 cells/mm3), at least one hemorrhagic manifestation, and objective evidence of plasma leakage, including pleural effusion, ascites, low serum albumin or protein, or hemoconcentration. Lastly, DSS is defined as DHF plus a rapid, weak pulse with narrow pulse pressure or hypotension with cold, clammy skin and restlessness. We performed a univariate analysis to describe the suspected cases by demographic characteristics, state of residence, travel destination, laboratory results, and clinical outcomes such as hospitalization, presence of hemorrhagic manifestations, or those meeting criteria for DF, DHF, and DSS. The number of US resident Selleck CDK inhibitor travelers visiting overseas destinations from 1996 to 2005 was obtained from the Office of Travel and Tourism Industries,11 and this was used to calculate the incidence of laboratory-positive dengue in travelers. We used logistic regression to test for significant linear trends in laboratory diagnoses and in the incidence of laboratory-positive Etofibrate dengue in travelers over the 10-year period under review. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 12 (SPSS Inc.) and SAS version 9.1 (SAS Institute),

and all tests for significance were two-sided and performed at an alpha error rate of 5%. This analysis of routinely collected, de-identified, and confidential dengue surveillance data was determined to be a non-research activity and did not require institutional review by the CDC Human Subjects Review Committee. During 1996 to 2005, 1,196 suspected travel-associated dengue cases from 49 states and the District of Columbia were reported to the PDSS. Of the 1,196 suspected cases, 334 (28%) were laboratory-positive, 597 (50%) were laboratory-negative, and 265 (22%) were laboratory-indeterminate. Those with positive, negative, and indeterminate results did not vary significantly by age or sex. Suspected travel-associated dengue cases by laboratory diagnosis are shown in Figure 1. The proportion of laboratory-positive cases varied by year, with an overall increase over the period under review (25% to 39% laboratory-positive cases from 1996 to 2005).