(2011). In light of findings showing that children with FASD have deficits in executive functioning, sensorimotor skills,

and verbal and visual processing (Mattson et al. 1996; Rasmussen et al. 2006; Kodituwakku 2007), we also hypothesized their CT and SA abnormalities would be most evident in brain regions subserving these functions, namely frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Material and Methods Participants Participants included 88 children ranging in age from 8.1 to 15.6 years. Thirty-six (17 males) had ARND and fifty-two (30 males) were typically developing controls, all of whom received MRI scans in a single scanner as part of several ongoing studies. Initial screening included lack of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical preterm birth, head injury, debilitating or chronic medical condition, and MRI contraindications such as braces and metal implants. Parents or caregivers provided written informed consent and participants orally assented to participate. Procedures for this study protocol Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were approved by the Research Ethics Board of the Hospital for Sick Children. The ARND Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical group (mean age = 11.4 years, range = 8.1–15.1 years) consisted of patients diagnosed previously at The Hospital for Sick Children Motherisk

Follow-up Clinic, which Silmitasertib solubility dmso serves as a regional diagnostic facility for FAS and ARND. Most children attending this clinic were accompanied by foster parents, adoptive parents, and/or caseworkers from the Children’s Aid Society (CAS), while a minority came with a biological Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical parent or relative. Clinic staff included: (i) a board certified pediatrician trained in FAS diagnosis who also performed neurological and physical assessments and assessed for facial dysmorphology and (ii) a registered psychologist, psychometrist, and speech therapist who performed different aspects of the comprehensive neuropsychological assessment children were given. Diagnoses were made using the Canadian guideline system (Chudley et al. 2005), which first and foremost requires documented evidence of substantial prenatal alcohol exposure

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ascertained from (a) foster, adoption, or CAS records indicating child was legally removed from mother due to her alcohol abuse during pregnancy or later neglect for alcoholism-related reasons, (b) reports from relatives assuming kinship care stating that they observed heavy maternal drinking during pregnancy, or (c) maternal self-report of MTMR9 heavy drinking during pregnancy. In the handful of adopted children without CAS substantiation, maternal drinking was assessed through extensive interview of the adoptive parents, who all were informed of heavy maternal drinking during pregnancy. To receive a diagnosis of ARND, a child had to show significant deficits in three distinct functional domains (e.g., attention, executive function, learning and memory, verbal processing) and not have either growth deficiency or facial dysmorphology (philtrum and palpebral fissure size both <10 percentile).