We hypothesized that both bottom-up

interactions and top-down attentional mechanisms influence early somatosensory ERPs, whereby, modulation (mainly of the P50 component) would be greatest for the relevant crossmodal condition where visual events occurred 100 msec prior to tactile events (VTd), and smallest, for irrelevant tactile Enzastaurin clinical trial unimodal condition (TT). Our results confirmed our hypotheses by showing that early somatosensory ERPs, namely the P50 and P100 components were sensitive to (i) the temporal dynamics of crossmodal interactions, and (ii) the relevance of these sensory signals for behavior. Specifically, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical modulation of the P50 amplitude depended on the temporal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical onset of crossmodal stimuli with the greatest effects seen when visual events preceded tactile events (VTd condition), followed by similar modulation between the other crossmodal conditions (SIM and TVd), and lastly the smallest modulation was seen for the irrelevant unimodal tactile condition (TT). As expected, there was no P50 modulation for the unimodal visual condition (VV) since no tactile events occurred and no behavioral response was required. It is of particular importance to highlight the differences in P50 modulation between the crossmodal conditions. In Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical crossmodal

conditions with a 100 msec temporal delay between the onset of visual and tactile stimuli (VTd and TVd conditions), we showed that P50 modulation was greater in the VTd condition relative to the TVd condition. This finding was expected Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical since in the TVd condition, the P50 component would have already occurred before presentation of the visual information. Our topographic maps (Fig. 3) complement our P50 results by showing that only conditions

including vibrotactile stimulation (i.e., TT, SIM, TVd, VTd) elicited neural activation in somatosensory regions contralateral to stimulation, while the VV condition showed minimal activation overall. However, a prominent difference in neural activity specific to the VTd condition Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was revealed, whereby robust neural activation was elicited not only in somatosensory cortex but in visual areas Linifanib (ABT-869) as well. These results imply that presentation of relevant visual information for upcoming movement modulates somatosensory processing as early as SI. Moreover, the lack of SI activity seen in the VV condition implies that the activation of the visual cortex during the VTd condition was not simply due to volume conduction via additional sensory input, but instead, was specific to the task-relevance of the visual information in performing goal-oriented behavior. Lastly, the amplitude of the P100 component was enhanced during the SIM condition and suppressed during the TVd condition and TT condition. This finding suggests that enhancement of the P100 component depended on the attentional relevance and temporal alignment of visual-tactile events.